This thematic collection focuses on "Recent Advances and Challenges in Lung Cancer Research", systematically presenting cutting-edge research in global burden of disease, molecular classification, immunotherapy, targeted approaches, and emerging mechanisms such as ferroptosis. It also addresses critical clinical issues including treatment-related interstitial lung disease and the microenvironment of liver metastases. The collection aims to provide multidisciplinary insights to support lung cancer research and advance the translation of precision medicine strategies.