Volume 91  ·   Issue 44  ·  2011

After the occurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, China has established a major policy of putting people first, and recognized that health is the foundation of people's all-round development. The state has invested a lot of resources to strengthen the existing medical and health system in the construction of medical and health team and equipment renewal, so as to protect and promote public health. Up to now, we have established the world's largest "National Information System for Reporting and Management of Infectious Diseases and Public Health Emergencies" [1], which has successfully coped with the epidemic of major infectious diseases such as SARS and influenza A (H1N1). However, globalization, urbanization and aging have brought about more and more safety problems and environmental problems such as food, medicine, drinking water and occupation due to changes in ecological environment, production and lifestyle. Infectious diseases and chronic diseases pose double threats to health and all-round influences on social development. The health situation in China is not optimistic, and there is a long way to go to protect and promote public health.

Surgical resection is the only "effective and curable" method for pancreatic cancer, but the surgical resection rate of pancreatic cancer is low (20% ~30%), the postoperative recurrence and metastasis rate is high (80% within 1~2 years), and the 5-year survival rate after resection is low (20% ~30%). One author followed up 1064 cases of pancreatic cancer after simple surgery for 13~28 months, and the 5-year survival rate after simple surgery is only 13% ~24% [1]. Chemotherapy can improve the quality of life and have palliative effect, but according to strict standards, the highest response rate of pancreatic cancer chemotherapy is only 20%, which is difficult to improve the long-term survival rate. Radiotherapy can improve symptoms, especially pain, but pancreatic cancer is insensitive to radiotherapy, and the surrounding organs have low tolerance to radiotherapy, so the overall curative effect is not ideal. Therefore, surgery is still the main treatment for pancreatic cancer at present stage.

Objective To explore the anti-neoplastic and anti-metastatic effects of thymoquinone on the model of human pancreatic carcinoma established by surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) in nude mice.Methods After a 3-week implantation,40 mice were randomized into 4 groups:control group,feed with 1％ ethanol; low-dose thymoquinone group (L-TQ 5 mg/kg BW daily by i.g.),high-dose thymoquinone group ( H-TQ 20 mg/kg BW daily by i.g.) and gemcitabine group ( GEM 100 mg/kg BW twice a week by i.p.) (n=10 each). All treatment sessions lasted for 2 weeks. At Week 8 post-implantation,tumor weight,inhibition rate and the presence of metastasis were evaluated respectively after sacrificing. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the positive expressions of Ki-67,XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) and MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) in tumors.Results Thetumor growth-inhibiting rates of L-TQ group,H-TQ group and GEM group were 42.57％,64.11％ and54.77％ respectively.The rates of metastasis in L-TQ group and H-TQ group were 60％ and 50％ versus GEM group ( 100％ ).And the differences had statistical significance ( P＜ 0.05 ).The positive rates of Ki-67in group L-TQ and group H-TQ were 37％ ±3％ and 32％ ±2％ versus group.GEM (55％ ±4％ ).And the differences had statistical significance (P＜0.05 ).The positive rates of XIAP in group L-TQ and group H-TQwere 30％ ± 3％ and 28％ ± 5％ versus group GEM (56％ ± 4％ ).And the differences had statistical significance (P＜0.05).The positive rates of MMP-9 in group L-TQ and group H-TQ were 57％ ± 7％ and 53％ ± 2％ versus group GEM ( 73％ ± 4％ ). And the differences had statistical significance (P＜0.05).Conclusion Thymoquinone has the anti-neoplastic and anti-metastatic effects on the human pancreatic carcinoma in nude mice.And the above effects may be correlated with the down-regulated expressions of XIAP and MMP-9.

Objective To explore the altered expressions of embryonic stem-related genes Oct4 and Nanog in pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs).Methods The uni-cell suspension of human pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 was prepared and incubated with CDY24 and CD44 antibodies.Flow cytometer was used to separate CD24 + CD44 + pancreatic cancer stem cells.Tumor cell spheres were observed under light microscope.Then CSCs were induced to differentiate with 10％ fetal bovine serum and the expressions of CD24 and CD44 re-evaluated by flow cytometer. Finally the cells were divided into 2 groups,group 1:CD24+ CD44+ and group 2:non-separated group. RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and Q-PCR (quantitative-polymerase chain reaction) were used to examine the transcriptions of Oct4 and Nanog in CSCs.The immunofluorescence was employed to examine the expressions of Oct4 and Nanog.Chemo-sensitivity to gemcitabine was determined by CCK8 assay in each group.Results About 1％ -3％ CD24 + CD44 + CSCs were separated from cell line PANC-1.The sorted cells were cultured in a stem cell culture medium to observe the spheroid-forming capacity. And they showed a higher colony-forming efficiency than the unsorted cells [ (122 ± 6)‰,P ＜ 0.05 ].When cultured in medium with serum,these cells gradually returned to the status of parental cells with a low expression of CD24 and CD44.Both Oct4 and Nanog were highly expressed in CD24+ CD44+ stem cells. And the CD24+ CD44+ subgroup demonstrated a higher resistance to gemcitabine.Conclusion Subpopulation cells CD44 + CD24 + have the properties of tumor stem cells.The up-regulated levels of Oct4 and Nanog may be highly correlated with the multi-potency and a higher drug-resistance of pancreatic CSCs.

Objective To explore the blocking effects of hedgehog signaling pathway on the processes of cell migration,invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human pancreatic cancer cells and elucidate its possible mechanisms.Methods The lentiviral expression vector for RNA interference of human Smoothened (SMO) gene was constructed to silence the expression of SMO. And RNAi against SMO was used to suppress the hedgehog signaling pathway in human pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells.The in vitro invasion capacity in Panc-1 cells was assessed by Matrigel/Transwell chamber assay.Real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of such EMT markers as E-cadherin,N-cadherin,β-catenin,vimentin and fibronectin and such transcription factors as Snail,Slug,Twistl and Sip1.Results The stable interference of SMO could suppress the hedgehog signaling activity in Panc-1 cells.The inhibition of hedgehog signaling reduced the in vitro invasion capacity significantly in Panc-1 cells. The expression of E-cadherin significantly increased while N-cadherin,vimentin and fibronectin were significantly down-regulated in the RNAi group. Compared to the control group,the expressions of Snail and Slug were significantly reduced in the SMO knock-down group.Conclusion The inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway reduces the in vitro invasion capacity in human pancreatic cancer cells. And the EMT process is significantly suppressed. The mechanism is partially correlated with the down-regulations of Snail and Slug.

Objective To evaluate the cosmetic effects and safety profiles of trans-areola single port endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.Methods A retrospective study was conducted for 45 males and 7 females with palmar hyperhidrosis undergoing trans-areola single port endoscopic thoracic bilateral sympathectomy during April and June 2011. Results All operations were successfully performed without severe morbidity and mortality. No conversion to open technique was necessary. The mean unilateral operative duration was 6 minutes ( range:5-8).The time was calculated from the time of skin incision to that of dressing application over wound.The mean hospitalization duration was 2.2 days ( range:2-3 ).The mean follow-up period was 2.8 months ( range:1-7).All patients achieved excellent cosmetic effects.No incision scar was found.Conclusion Trans-areola single port endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy is a safe and effective therapeutic procedure for primary palmar hyperhidrosis.The incision is undetectable with excellent cosmetic effects. The trans-areola route is a new ideal and promising approach for endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.

Objective To explore the expression and clinical significance of thymidine phosphorylase/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) in renal cell carcinoma.Methods The expression of PD-ECGF in 76 specimens of renal cell carcinoma from June 2002 to December 2006 was examined by EnVision immunohistochemistry. The correlation of the expression of PD-ECGF with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in renal cell carcinoma patients were analyzed. Results Among 76 renal cell carcinoma patients,41 patients had a high-level expression of PD-ECGF while another 35 patients a low-level expression.The expression of PD-ECGF was positively correlated with tumor stage and histological grade.The 5-year overall survival rate was significant lower in the patients with a high-level expression of PD-ECGF ( 60.98％ vs 94.29％,P =0.000 ). Univariate analysis showed that the characteristics with the prognostic significance for survival were tumor stage,lymph node metastasis,distant metastasis,histological grade and the expression of PD-ECGF. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor stage,histological grade and the expression of PD-ECGF were independent prognostic factors( OR:17.971,9.702,6.790,95％ CI:3.010-107.290,1.835 - 51.305,1.156 - 39.894).Conclusion The expression of PD-ECGF may play an important role in the development and invasion of renal cell carcinoma. An elevated level of PD-ECGF is probably correlated with the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of tangential excision of deep partial thickness burn wound without tourniquet during an early stage.Methods A total of 32 patients with a large area of deep partial thickness burn wounds were operated within 24 h post-burn.The lamellar tangential excision was on the basis of stable index of resuscitation from shock without tourniquet. And the depth of tangential excision was achieved to the extent of uniform punctate hemorrhage on burn wounds.Xenogenic acellular dermal matrix was applied after hemostasis with diluted adrenaline.The intraoperative blood loss volumes,operative durations,pre- & post-operative temperatures,length of wound healing,the quality of wound healing and the contracture extent of scars of 1％ TBSA ( total body surface area) wound were recorded and compared with the published data.Results Thirty-one patients completed the whole clinical observation.The intraoperative blood loss volume of 1％ TBSA wound was ( 8.8 ± 0.9) ml,the operative duration of 1％ TBSA wound was ( 0.52 ± 0.06 ) min,the temperature at Day 5 was ( 37.7 ± 0.7 ) ℃ and it was significantly lower than that at 24 h [ (38.6 ± 0.6) ℃ ] ( t =0.42,P ＜ 0.05),the length of wound healing was (25.2 ± 2.2) d.There were significantly statistical differences in terms of the operative durations,the temperature at Day 5 and the length of wound healing with the corresponding literature reports with intraoperative uses of tourniquets (all P＜0.05).The percentage of the quality of wound healing was 100％ at Month 3.The development of scar proliferation were observed in varying degrees.Mild contracture of wounds appeared after 6 month post-burn. But all joints could move with ease and had no obvious dysfunction.Conclusion Lamellate tangential excision of deep partial thickness burn wound during an early stage without tourniquet have advantages of smaller volumes of intraoperative blood loss,shorter operation duration and simpler procedures.Also the depth of tangential excision is easier to control so as to enhance the quality of wound healing.

Objective To explore the incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) complicated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) at an altitude of over 2000 meters above sea level.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the profiles of 688 PAH patients selected from 1178 CHD patients at our hospital during January 2007 to December 2009.The risk factors of CHD-PAH were analyzed by age,altitude,etiologies and nationalities.Results Among 1178 CHD patients,688 (58.4％ ) suffered PAH.And 239 PAH cases(54.8％ )were found in 436 male patients and 449 PAH cases (60.5％) in 742 female patients (x2=3.667,P=0.058 ).The difference was not significant.The incidences of PAH in CHD patients varied at different altitudes ( x2 =10.507,P=0.005 ).And 55.2％,57.2％ and 68.7％ were found in ＜2500 m,2500-3500 m and＞3500 m groups respectively.And the ＞ 3500 m group was statistically higher than those of the ＜ 2500 m and 2500 - 3500 m groups ( x2=9.924,P =0.005 ) ( x2 =8.007,P =0.005 ).The mean pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) of ＜2500 m group was (58 ± 18) mm Hg,2500-3500 m was (63 ± 17 ) mm Hg and ＞ 3500 m was (64 ± 19 )mm Hg.There were significant differences among them.In age composition of CHD-PAH,the highest ratio appeared before the age of 18 years old for PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)-PAH and VSD (ventricular septal defect)-PAH while that of ASD-PAH at the ages of 30-39 years old.There were not statistical differences among all nationalities( x2 =5.404,P =0.248).Conclusion The incidence of CHD-PAH at a high altitude is significantly higher than those at a low altitude.Hypoxia may promote the occurrence and development of PAH in CHD patients.

Objective To evaluate the associations between polymorphisms Arg389Gly of β1-adrebergic receptor gene and essential hypertension risk.Methods “Hypertension”,“polymorphism”,“Arg389Gly” and “betal-adrenergic” or “ beta1-adrenoceptor” were used as key words to search the relevant publications between January 1990 and June 2011 in the databases of Pubmed,CNKI and Wanfang.Additional references cited in the retrieved articles were also evaluated.Between-study heterogeneity test was performed by the x2-based Q test.Fix/random-effect model was used for data pooling.Publication bias was evaluated with the linear regression asymmetry Egger's and Begg's tests. Results Fourteen case-control studies containing 6429 cases of essential hypertension cases and 6986 controls were included for the analyses of Arg389Gly and risk of essential hypertension.Between-study heterogeneity was significant across all studies(q =37.32,P ＜ 0.001 ).After stratification by sample size,among the sub-group with a sample size of over 500 cases,the Gly/Gly carriers had significantly a lower risk of essential hypertension than the Arg/Arg carriers(OR =0.84,95％ CI 0.73 -0.98).There was no between-study heterogeneity (q =1.10,P =0.777).In addition,the risk borderline decreased in the Arg/Gly carriers( OR =0.95,95％ CI 0.91-1.00). The results of dominant model also showed that the risk of essential hypertension significantly decreased( OR =0.95,95％ CI 0.91 - 0.99) among the Arg/Gly and Gly/Gly carries versus the Arg/Arg carriers.Conclusion The Arg389Gly Arg/Arg genotype carriers are associated with an elevated risk of essential hypertension.And Arg389Gly of β1-adrebergic receptor gene may play a role in the susceptibility of essential hypertension.

Objective To observe the effects of astragaloside Ⅳ on the airway remodeling and the expressions of transforming growth factor (TGF)-31 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in a murine model of asthma.Methods Forty-eight BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 4 groups,i.e.control group,asthma group,astragaloside Ⅳ group and budesonide group (n =12 each).The BALB/c mice sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) were chronically challenged with aerosolized OVA for 8 weeks while the mice in the astragaloside Ⅳ group were intragastrically administered with astragaloside Ⅳ (50 mg/kg) daily for 8 consecutive weeks. Pulmonary functions were measured to evaluate the resistance of expiration. And pulmonary histopathological analysis was performed to observe the infiltration of inflammatory cells,the hyperplasia of airway global cells and the deposition of collagen.The levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay).The pulmonary expression of αt-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.The mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β1 and TSLP were measured by real-time PCR ( polymerase chain reaction) and Western blot respectively.Results The treatment of astragaloside Ⅳ or budesonide led to a sharp decrease in airway resistance compared with the asthma group at a concentration of acetylcholine in 30 μg/kg ( P ＜0.05 ).The PAS + epithelial/bronchial epithelial cells,the area of collagen staining and α-SMA staining area were significantly elevated in the asthma group compared with the control group ( all P ＜ 0.01 ) while those in the astragaloside and budesonide groups were obviously inhibited compared with the asthma group (all P ＜ 0.05).The BALF levels of IL-4 and IL-13 were markedly elevated in the asthma group versus the control group ( P ＜ 0.01 ) while those markedly decreased in the astragaloside and budesonide groups versus the asthma group ( all P ＜ 0.05 ).The relative expressions of TGF-β1 and TSLP mRNA (5.23 ± 1.44,5.70 ± 1.65 ) were significantly up-regulated in the asthma group versus the control group (1.02±0.21,1.02 ±0.25) (P＜0.01) while those in the astragaloside (2.27 ±0.65,2.97 ± 1.03) and budesonide groups (2.10 ± 0.57,3.32 ± 1.11 ) were obviously down-regulated versus the asthma group (all P＜0.05).The protein levels of TGF-β1 and TSLP in the asthma group (0.89 ±0.11,0.74 ± 0.10) were markedly elevated versus the control (0.39 ± 0.04,0.44 ± 0.05 ),the astragaloside (0.51 ±0.08,0.59±0.12) and the budesonide groups (0.55 ±0.08,0.60 ±0.08) (all P ＜0.05).Conclusion Astragaloside Ⅳ can suppress the progression of airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in a murine model of asthma.The above effects may be partially due to the inhibited expressions of TGF-β1 and TSLP.

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of adiponectin on hepatic lipid metabolism in Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats.Methods Twenty male OLETF rats and 10 male Long-Evans Tokushima (LETO) rats were sacrificed at 8,32 or 40-week old to examine the fasting blood glucose,plasm insulin,adiponectin and blood lipid profile.The levels of triglyceride,cholesterol,adiponectin,phosphotyrosine of IRS-2,acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) mRNA in liver tissue were determined by chemical enzymatic assay,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Western blot.Results Higher insulin level,lower insulin sensitivity index and deteriorated lipid metabolism was observed in OLETF rats since 32-week age. ACC (acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase) and SREBP-1 mRNA expression,lowered plasma adiponectin (OLETF vs LETO:8weeksage,2.38±0.23 vs3.1 ±0.17,P＜0.05; 32 weeks age,1.51±0.05 vs2.M±0.34,P＜0.01; 40 weeks age,1.24±0.04 vs 2.64 ±0.49 ng/ml,P＜0.01) and liver tissue (8,32 or40 weeksage,2.24±0.18 vs 2.68 ±0.13,2.04±0.19 vs 2.51 ±0.14,1.76±0.12 vs 2.47 ±0.21 μg/grespectively,P ＜ 0.05) as well as elevated triglyceride (TG) (40 weeks age,TG 1.88 ± 0.11 vs 0.51 ±0.07 mmol/L,P ＜ 0.01 ) and cholesterol (40 weeks age,total cholesterol 0.94 ± 0.17 vs 0.69 ± 0.14mmol/L,P ＜0.01 ) and lowered IRS-1 ( insulin receptor substrate 1 ) tyrosin phosphorylation in liver tissue in OLETF rats were observed.The hepatic adiponectin was positively correlated with the level of py-IRS2 and inversely with those of hepatic ACC,SREBP-1 mRNA,triglyceride and cholesterol ( r =- 0.431,- 0.396,-0.353,-0.349,P ＜0.05).Conclusion Adiponectin may affect the signaling pathway of hepatic insulin via tyrosin phosphorylation of IRS-2.It is involved in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism.

Sheehan syndrome is a series of clinical symptoms caused by hypertrophic adenopituitary necrosis and fibrosis caused by massive hemorrhage, shock and aseptic inflammation in women during the perinatal period, resulting in decreased secretion of various hormones. The clinical manifestations are mainly hypofunction of gonads, thyroid, adrenal glands and other endocrine glands, and pituitary crisis may be induced by infection, hunger, trauma, surgery, anesthesia, etc. [1]. The risk of cardiac surgery is greater, and the reports are rare. This study retrospectively analyzed the data of 2 patients with Sheehan syndrome who underwent cardiac surgery, aiming to explore the perioperative hormone replacement therapy in this disease.

Meningeal hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a low-grade malignant non-meningeal epithelial tumor derived from meningeal mesenchymal tissue with low incidence, lack of clinical, imaging and even pathological features, difficult differential diagnosis and high misdiagnosis rate. Most of them are misdiagnosed as meningioma, and a few are misdiagnosed as hemangioblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, schwannoma, etc. 12 cases of meningeal HPC diagnosed in our hospital in recent years are summarized and analyzed as follows.

A 51-year-old male was admitted to the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College on March 15, 2010 due to recurrent middle and upper abdominal pain for 3 months and aggravated for 2 days. The patient was treated in our department for upper abdominal pain for 2 days on December 29, 2009. The serum amylase was 227 U/L (35-135 U/L; the reference value range in parentheses is the same below), and the urinary amylase was 3135 U/L (130-490 U/L). CT showed inflammation in the body and tail of the pancreas (Figure 1).

The patient was a 73-year-old female who was admitted to the Department of Vascular Surgery of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from the emergency department on November 10, 2010 because of "12 years after left carotid-subclavian artery artificial vascular bypass, 6 years after left carotid-subclavian artery artificial vascular bypass, 6 years after left neck root skin ulcer with purulent discharge, 2 days of rupture bleeding and 1 day aggravation". In 1998, the patient suffered from left subclavian artery occlusion after trauma. The left subclavian artery artificial vascular bypass was performed in the Department of Vascular Surgery of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The operation was smooth, and the left radial artery recovered well after anticoagulation treatment. In 2000, she felt a chill in the left upper limb and the pulsation of the radial artery disappeared. Again, she was examined in Peking Union Medical College Hospital and found that the artificial vascular (subclavian artery anastomosis) was stenotic and occluded. The left subclavian artery artificial vascular anastomosis was opened and the stent was implanted. The operation was smooth. After antiplatelet therapy, the symptoms of chill in the left upper limb were significantly improved, and the pulsation of the radial artery was palpable.

In recent decades, the prevalence of myopia has attracted much attention, and whether the development of myopia is influenced by genetics or environment has been debated for a long time [1]. The etiology of myopia is quite complex, and many researchers have affirmed the role of genetic genes through population studies, pedigree analysis and twin studies. On the other hand, the identical agreement rate, correlation coefficient and genetic index of myopia and genetics show that genetics is not the only determinant, and environment also plays a certain role [2]. Especially, the strengthening of the demand for close work in today's society has intensified the prevalence of myopia. For example, Saw et al. [3] found that close reading is closely related to the occurrence of myopia in younger children, especially in 7-9 years old, and the correlation is relatively small in older people. Of course, some scholars have found that close work has nothing to do with myopia and juvenile myopia [4-5]. The key question is, how does the strengthening of close work affect genetic sensitivity? Some researchers have suggested that the imbalance of autonomic nervous system may lead to abnormal regulatory response when working at close range for a long time, which may lead to or aggravate myopia [6]. The research on the control of regulation by autonomic nervous system and the influence of ciliary muscle regulation on the occurrence of myopia is summarized below.

Glioma stem cells are a small group of cells with strong self-renewal, proliferation and multidirectional differentiation potential in glioma with phenotype similar to neural stem cells [1]. The biological behaviors of glioma, such as highly invasive growth, varying degrees of radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance and high recurrence rate, are closely related to glioma stem cells. The proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and drug resistance of glioma stem cells are all regulated by their microenvironment (also called Niche), so it is particularly important to study the relationship between glioma stem cells and their Niche. Glioma is rich in blood vessels, and endothelial cells are an important part of the paravascular Niche of glioma stem cells. The latest research progress on the interaction between glioma stem cells and endothelial cells is summarized as follows.

Proteinuria is not only a monitoring index of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but also an important adjustable index. Controlling the excretion of proteinuria is closely related to the prognosis of kidney. The degree of decrease of proteinuria after treatment and residual proteinuria are as important as initial proteinuria, which is an important marker of renal prognosis [1]. The so-called residual proteinuria has no generally accepted definition at present. According to many scholars, it means that even if renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockers are fully used, the level of proteinuria can still not be reduced or even controlled to a normal level, and the level of proteinuria after adequate treatment is still very high. Therefore, it is necessary to use other drugs in combination to further reduce proteinuria. This article reviews the clinical efficacy of various drugs to further reduce residual proteinuria in DN, which provides reference for clinical treatment.

Bronchial asthma is a complex disease with obvious individual differences in clinical course and therapeutic response.Although some asthma patients have been treated with high dose glucocorticoids or even long-acting β 2 receptor agonists,their clinical symptoms are still difficult to control.IL-13 is a pleiotropic cytokine of Th2 cells, which can induce bronchial epithelial cells to secrete osteoblast-specific factor 2 (periostin). Periostin can participate in airway remodeling of asthma through autocrine action on epithelial cells and paracrine action on fibroblasts.

Ocular melanocytoma is a benign pigmented nevus, which often occurs in the optic papilla, but is rare in the iris, ciliary body or choroid.Iridociliary melanocytoma can lead to secondary glaucoma and cataract, and is easily misdiagnosed as melanoma in clinic.Three cases of iridociliary melanocytoma diagnosed and treated in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1990 to 2010 are summarized and reported, and the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of this disease are discussed in combination with literature review.

In recent years, the basic and clinical research of regulatory T cells (Treg) is in the ascendant, and many breakthroughs have been made from the identification, sorting, in vitro expansion of Treg to clinical application research, which has stimulated people's great interest in regulatory B cells (B reg) and regulatory dendritic cells (DCreg) [1-2]. We call these immune cells with negative regulatory function and their complex connection with each other "regulatory immune cell network". This network plays an accurate negative regulatory role in effectively initiating immune response, regulating the intensity and balance of response and terminating it in time. This paper describes the research progress of regulatory immune cells in the field of transplant immunology.