2018年 · 第98卷第10期

China has entered a rapidly aging society, and the increasing prevalence of elderly patients and their pursuit of quality of life have led to a significant increase in the number of surgical operations. How to ensure rapid postoperative recovery and improve long-term quality of life of elderly patients is an urgent problem faced by multi-department medical teams during perioperative period. Failure to effectively block nociceptive stimulation to organs during perioperative period is the main cause of serious perioperative complications and mortality, and poses a challenge to the long-term quality of life and survival of patients^[1]。 Therefore, the core of ensuring rapid postoperative recovery and improving long-term quality of life of elderly patients lies in blocking or attenuating perioperative harmful stimulation to organs, and anesthesiologists play a crucial role in this respect.

The diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system tuberculosis has been difficult globally, and the mortality and disability rates are high in all systems of tuberculosis, and more pronounced in developing countries^[1]。 Central nervous system tuberculosis is widespread and variable, and how to make early and effective diagnosis and treatment is the key to improve prognosis, otherwise this disease is easily life-threatening or leads to irreversible neurological sequelae. In addition, the mortality rate of tuberculosis in the central nervous system remains high. The incidence of tuberculosis in the central nervous system from high to low is tuberculous meningitis, cerebral parenchymal tuberculosis and spinal cord tuberculosis, the latter is also known as tuberculous myelitis, accounting for only 3% of systemic tuberculosis^[2]It is rarely reported at home and abroad, even in countries where CNS tuberculosis is common^[3]。 The clinical data of 10 patients with spinal tuberculosis are summarized and analyzed as follows.

Mucor belongs to the subclass Zygomycetes in the subphylum Zygomycetes. Mucormycosis is a relatively rare invasive fungal infection, which has acute onset, rapid progress, difficult diagnosis and treatment, and the mortality rate is 40% ~70%^[1]。 A five-year study in the United States (2001-2006) showed that the annual incidence of mucormycosis in patients undergoing organ transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 0.07% and 0.29%, respectively^[2]。 Invasive pulmonary fungal infections were reported from 1998 to 2007 in China as pulmonary aspergillosis 37.9%, pulmonary candidiasis 34.2%, pulmonary cryptococcosis 15.6%, pneumocystomycosis 4.8% and pulmonary mucormycosis 2.1%^[3]。 In addition to the common immunosuppressed population, the risk factors of Mucor infection also include some special factors, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, iron overload caused by blood transfusion and trauma^[4]。

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can cause damage to brain, heart, lung and other organs, and its morbidity and mortality rate are the forefront of occupational and non-occupational poisoning in China. In the United States, thousands of people seek medical attention each year after developing CO poisoning, and hundreds of them die, resulting in a cost of more than $1 billion a year^[1]。 1912 Douglas et al.^[2]The classical theory of the relationship between CO poisoning and hemoglobin (Hb) was put forward, that is, the S-type oxygen separation curve shifted left during CO poisoning, the oxygen carrying capacity of Hb decreased, and the oxygen bound by carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) was not easily released, which eventually caused tissue hypoxia. 1917 Haldane^[3]It is suggested that high concentration or high partial pressure oxygen is the best antagonist to alleviate the toxic effect of CO. Since then, the hypoxia mechanism centered on COHb theory has been widely accepted and has also become a reasonable cause for oxygen therapy.

chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a complication accompanied by gradual loss of renal function, which consists of calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders, vascular calcification and renal osteodystrophy. All these factors were found to be associated with morbidity and mortality in large clinical studies of chronic kidney disease^[1,2,3,4]。 Therefore, it is of great significance to construct a good animal model of CKD-MBD for in-depth study of CKD-MBD disease development, pathological mechanism and drug targeted therapy. As a common animal for studying diseases, mice are widely favored in constructing CKD-MBD models because their genes are highly similar to those of humans, and they reproduce rapidly, are genetically stable and cheap to raise. Therefore, this paper mainly summarizes the establishment methods of CKD-MBD rat model in recent years from two aspects: surgical intervention and chemical induction.