2016年 · 第96卷第42期

peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), also known as mature T-cell lymphoma, is a group of highly heterogeneous diseases derived from mature T cells or retrothymic T cells. PTCL accounts for 23% ~27% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in China, which is significantly higher than that in European and American countries. The overall prognosis of PTCL is poor, and the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy regimens for PTCL is not ideal. In recent years, with the in-depth understanding of PTCL molecular biology, some new therapeutic targets have been discovered, and many new drugs have continuously entered clinical research, bringing hope for achieving precise treatment of PTCL and improving efficacy.

Since the 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissue Tumors in 2008^[1]Since its release (hereinafter referred to as the 2008 edition), the clinical and basic research of lymphoid tissue tumors has made great progress. Some types of lymphomas need to be redefined, and some new subtypes have also been reported. May 15, 2016, 2008 editor-in-chief Swerdlow et al.^[2]InBloodThe journal published revised instructions for the new classification (hereinafter referred to as the 2016 edition). On this basis, we searched for relevant literatures, and by comparing the 2008 edition, the main updates in the above-mentioned 2016 edition classification revision instructions were interpreted as follows for the benefit of domestic readers.

A 66-year-old female was admitted to our hospital on November 24, 2015 due to "fever, abdominal pain, turbidity of peritoneal dialysis fluid for 15 days, aggravation with diarrhea for 5 days". The patient was diagnosed with chronic glomerulonephritis 20 years ago, and then developed an increase in serum creatinine, which reached 736 μ mol/L 7 years ago. That is, regular peritoneal dialysis treatment was started, and the regimen was gradually increased to 5 times/d, with 2 L of peritoneal dialysis fluid exchanged each time. When the patient developed the first peritonitis 5 years ago, there was no bacterial growth in peritoneal dialysis fluid culture, and the anti-infection efficacy of intraperitoneal administration of "vancomycin + ceftazidime" was not good. After that, "Candida quizemon" appeared by culture, the peritoneal dialysis tube was removed and changed to hemodialysis, and the tube was replaced to start peritoneal dialysis after 30 days of treatment with fluconazole. When the second peritonitis occurred 2 years ago, no pathogenic bacteria were cultured, and it improved after 2 weeks of treatment with "vancomycin + ceftazidime" again. A decrease in ultrafiltration volume on peritoneal dialysis to an average of 250-350 ml per day began to occur 10 months ago. Fifteen days ago, the patient had turbidity of peritoneal dialysis fluid with abdominal pain without inducement, and the body temperature fluctuated between 37.0 and 38.7 ℃. The peripheral blood white blood cells were 11.0×10⁹/L, neutrophils 87%, hemoglobin 91 g/L, platelets 274×10⁹/L. C-reactive protein (CRP) 170 mg/L. Peritoneal dialysis fluid routine: number of nucleated cells 124/mm³, multinucleated cells accounted for 64% and were cultured as Staphylococcus epidermidis. The patients were treated with "vancomycin 1.0 g/time, once every 5 days; ceftazidime 1.0 g/time, once/d" in the peritoneal dialysis fluid, and the abdominal pain symptoms were alleviated. After 3 days, the number of routine nucleated cells in the peritoneal dialysis fluid was reduced to 2~3/mm³。 Five days ago, the patient developed diarrhea after eating unclean diet, recurrent abdominal pain, peritoneal dialysis fluid became turbid again, no fever, and the number of nucleated cells in peritoneal dialysis fluid increased to 9 250/mm³Multinucleated cells accounted for 94%; Peripheral blood leukocytes 40.1×10⁹/L, neutrophils 96.5%, CRP 180 mg/L. Four days ago, ceftazidime was adjusted to cefoperazone and sulbactam sodium 1.5 g/time, once/d, added to peritoneal dialysis solution, and oral fluconazole 150 mg/time, once/d, but the above symptoms still did not improve, so he was admitted to the hospital.

Renal transplant recipient, female, 32 years old. The patient was diagnosed with chronic renal insufficiency stage 5 due to increased serum creatinine for more than 1 year, regular hemodialysis for half a year, oliguria after dialysis, and urine volume of about 300 ml/d. He was diagnosed with chronic renal insufficiency stage 5. On January 18, 2014, he underwent allogeneic kidney transplantation in the renal transplantation department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. The donor kidney was from a cardiac death donor (DCD) 6-year-old girl, right kidney. During kidney retrieval, the proximal ureter of the donor kidney was sharply injured by scissors at 2 cm proximal to the renal hilum, and the transverse diameter of the ureter was transected by 2/3. The lateral ureter accompanying blood vessels were transected, and the medial accompanying blood vessels were intact (Figure 1)。 During the repair of donor kidney, continuous end-to-end ureteral anastomosis was performed with 4-0 absorbable slightly warped suture to repair the transverse injury, and 6F pig tail was left in the ureteral lumen. During the transplantation, the donor renal artery and vein were anastomosed end-to-side with the external iliac artery and vein of the recipient, and the ureter was trimmed to the appropriate length, and then the tunnel anti-reflux anastomosis under the vesicoplasma muscular layer of ureterovesical mucosa was performed. The patient recovered smoothly in the early postoperative period, and the serum creatinine was 75 μ mol/L at the time of discharge 11 d postoperatively. The ureteral stent was removed in the outpatient clinic 1 month after the operation, and the patient developed fever 1 day after the stent was removed. Color ultrasound and CT examination were performed in the hospital, which showed that there was a huge fluid cyst between the lower pole of the transplanted kidney and the bladder (Figure 2), the cystic fluid creatinine test suggested that the property was urine. Diagnosis: Transplanted kidney ureteral urine leakage, the leakage location is the proximal ureteral injury site (Figure 3)。 The patient underwent urinary cyst puncture and catheter drainage, transplanted nephrostomy and catheter drainage, retrograde ureteral catheterization, retention of urinary catheter and anti-infection treatment (Table 1), and finally completely recovered. Serum creatinine was 80 μ mol/L at 18 months after operation, and no complications such as ureteral dilatation and transplanted hydronephrosis were found in color ultrasound.

The patient, a 72-year-old male, was admitted to the hospital on 22 February 2016 due to "4 months of post-traumatic pain in the right upper arm". The patient accidentally injured his right upper arm when lifting heavy objects 4 months before admission. The pain was immediately not severe, untreated, the pain did not improve, there was nocturnal pain, and sometimes he felt numbness in his forearm and arm. X-ray film 6 days before admission showed osteolytic destruction of the right humerus. He complained of frequent coughing and expectoration since childhood, without hemoptysis. He has 2 sons and 1 daughter, both of whom are healthy, and his spouse has had 2 spontaneous abortions. Parents are not intimate married, denying family genetic history. Physical examination at admission: temperature 36.7 ℃, pulse 70 beats/min, breathing 16 beats/min, blood pressure 135/80 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa). Anemic appearance, no skin bleeding, unpalpable superficial lymph nodes, no sinus tenderness, sternal tenderness, wet rales can be heard in both lower lungs, apical beat located 1 cm within the midline of the right clavicle of the 5th intercostal, rhythm is uniform, and no murmur is heard. The liver and spleen were not palpated under the costs, and there was no percussion pain in the kidney area. The right upper arm is swollen and tender, and the skin temperature is not high. Due to pain, the movement of the right shoulder joint is limited, and the movement of the right elbow joint and wrist joint is normal. Laboratory test: blood routine: white blood cells 4.35×10⁹/L, hemoglobin 72 g/L, platelets 267×10⁹/L, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 145 mm/1 h, C-reactive protein 2.6 mg/L, blood biochemistry showed albumin 32 g/L, globulin 57 g/L, creatinine 221.8 μ mol/L, urea nitrogen 10.6 mmol/L, uric acid 528 μ mol/L, β 2 microglobulin 8.21 mg/L, calcium 2.17 mmol/L. MRI showed bone destruction and soft tissue mass formation in the middle of right humerus, and ultrasound-guided tumor puncture pathology showed small round cell tumor, tending to plasmacytoma. Immunohistochemical LCA, EMA, CK broad spectrum, CD20, CD38, P53, Ki-67 positive rate 20%, supporting plasmacytoma. PET/CT examination showed bone destruction of right middle humerus and sternum body, soft tissue occupation and increased metabolism, slight increase in soft tissue shadows and metabolism in medullary cavity of left middle humerus and right upper femur, multiple patch shadows and abnormal metabolism in both lungs, increased metabolism of both hilar lymph nodes, inversion of thoracic and abdominal viscera, and normal soft tissue shadows and metabolism of both maxillary sinuses. CT of the thorax and abdomen showed bilateral symmetry of the thorax, acceptable transparency of both lungs, patchy high-density shadows beside the spine of the lower lobes of both lungs, blurred boundaries, increased and disordered lung texture, visible columnar thickening of the bronchus, mediastinum centering, and total visceral inversion. Pulmonary function test Pulmonary ventilation function was roughly normal. Cardiogram and echocardiogram showed mirror dextrocardia. Bone marrow smear cytology showed multiple myeloma (10.5% naive plasma cells, 15.5% naive plasma cells, 9.5% mature plasma cells). The protein electrophoresis showed an abnormal dense band in the γ region, accounting for about 21.45%, and the monoclonal immunoglobulin was IgG-lambda type. Acinetobacter ruxeri and Acinetobacter baumannii were detected by sputum culture twice. Diagnosis: Kartagener's syndrome with multiple myeloma.

Clinical research is a simple scientific research carried out in a complex clinical environment. The contradiction between scientificity and feasibility is prominent, and it is restricted by ethics. It is necessary to ensure medical quality and medical safety. It is particularly important to obtain theory, method and technical support from the perspective of research methods. The above-mentioned problems and contradictions are more concentrated in the research and design stage and the implementation stage. The existing technical means can solve many problems, but there are still limitations. At present, the problems that are not solved well by technical means need to be introduced new research methods. Therefore, this paper expounds the history and current situation of qualitative research in clinical research design and implementation, and discusses its value and application prospect in improving the design and organization of clinical research protocol.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is one of the members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family, which includes TGF-β, growth differentiation factor, anti-Muschi tube hormone and activin^[1]。 BMP is the first protein found to be effective in inducing ectopic bone formation implanted subcutaneously in rats^[2]。 Subsequent studies have shown that BMP has different roles in different tissues, and can regulate the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of many kinds of cells. BMP is primarily signaled through type I and type II transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors. Intracellularly, the Smad protein is responsible for transmitting signals from the activated BMP receptor complex into the nucleus. Many studies have found that the disturbance of BMP signaling pathway is related to the occurrence and development of many diseases, such as bone diseases, cardiovascular diseases and tumors. Genetic analysis proved that gene mutations in BMP signaling pathway or related gene mutations affecting this signaling pathway can lead to atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, pulmonary hypertension, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and tumor angiogenesis.

Prostate cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in elderly men. It is estimated that the incidence of prostate cancer in men in the United States will exceed that of lung cancer in 2016, ranking first among male cancers, and the mortality rate is second only to lung cancer^[1]。 Although the incidence of prostate cancer in China is obviously lower than that in the United States, the incidence of prostate cancer in China has been increasing year by year in recent years, and it has increasingly become a disease that threatens the health of elderly men in China. At present, endocrine therapy is the main treatment for advanced prostate cancer, but the disease will almost always progress to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The following focuses on the current status of therapeutic drugs and some existing problems of mCRPC.

Esophageal fibrovascular polyps are rare clinical lesions, accounting for about 1% of all esophageal tumor lesions. Hundreds of cases of this lesion have been reported so far. With the continuous development of endoscopic technology, the detection and diagnosis rate of esophageal fibrovascular polyps is also increasing. Although fibrovascular polyps are benign lesions, their volume can increase continuously. When polyps increase to a considerable volume, they can seriously affect the quality of life of patients and even cause fatal complications^[1]。 Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal fibrovascular polyps deserve long-term attention. This article discusses the pathogenesis characteristics, diagnosis and treatment progress of esophageal fibrovascular polyps, so as to provide useful clues for future clinical work.

Lung cancer is a malignant tumor that seriously threatens human health and has a high mortality rate^[1]。 At present, the samples used to study and analyze tumor genes are mostly from lung tissue biopsy or surgery. However, these methods are all invasive, and it is not possible to obtain specimens multiple times to track the disease and changes in tumor genetic status. In recent years, a new detection technology-liquid biopsy has come out, which has brought new hope for accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment of lung cancer. Liquid biopsy can dynamically feedback the progress of lung cancer by detecting circulating tumor cells (CTC), circulating tumor nucleic acids [including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA)], exosomes and other tumor-derived biomarkers in body fluids (mainly peripheral blood, followed by saliva, urine, pleural and peritoneal effusion, etc.), which is a relatively non-invasive way, and provides a simple and quick means for early diagnosis, disease assessment, efficacy tracking and prognosis prediction of lung cancer. It is briefly introduced as follows.