2019年·第99卷第15期

Adrenal tumors include primary and metastatic tumors. Primary adrenal tumors mostly occur in adrenal cortex or medulla cells, but may also occur in other adrenal tissues, such as schwannoma, neurofibroma, lipoma, leiomyoma, etc., but are rare^{[1,2,3,4,5,6]}。 At the same time, the adrenal gland is also one of the most common sites of metastasis of various malignant tumors. According to the presence or absence of endocrine function, it can be divided into non-functional adrenal tumor and functional adrenal tumor^{[7,8,9,10,11]}。

Spinal degenerative nerve root pain is a disease in which nerve roots are invaded by external factors and damaged, resulting in pain as the main manifestation in the innervation area of spinal nerves. Clinically, neck, waist, back and extremity pain are the most common. According to statistics, the incidence of cervical spondylosis is about 3.8% ~17.6%, and about 67% of adults suffer from low back pain, of which about 56% of patients have radicular pain or sciatica. The etiology of spinal degenerative nerve root pain is mainly caused by mechanical factors (such as compression, deformity, etc.) and chemical factors (including aseptic and immune inflammation) to stimulate the spinal nerve roots. Common diseases include: disc herniation, spinal stenosis, hypertrophy of facet joints and uncinate joints, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, etc. Spinal nerve root pain includes a large class of chronic spinal degenerative diseases. Correct understanding and understanding of the mechanism, clinical characteristics and disease classification of spinal nerve root pain is beneficial to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of spinal nerve root pain.

China has entered an aging society. Senile osteoporosis is an age-related bone metabolism disease, and its incidence increases significantly with age^[1,2]。 In 2016, the prevalence of osteoporosis among the elderly over 60 in China was as high as 36%, of which 23% were men and 49% were women^[1]。 Common spinal diseases in the elderly, such as lumbar spinal stenosis, degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis, degenerative scoliosis, spinal fracture, etc. are often combined with osteoporosis, and the problems such as screw loosening, extraction and bone graft non-fusion caused by osteoporosis bring great challenges to clinicians^[3,4,5]。 There is no relevant consensus in China on spinal internal fixation surgery for patients with osteoporosis. Therefore, China Health Promotion Foundation organized domestic experts in the fields of spinal surgery and osteoporosis to formulate this consensus for clinical reference through questionnaire surveys and multiple rounds of expert meetings.