Volume 106 ·  Issue 07 ·  2026

Carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is an important pathogen of hospital acquired infections, especially in patients with chronic lung disease, long-term hospitalization, or those who have received broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. CRPA often manifests as multidrug resistance, which can lead to difficult treatment and poor prognosis. In order to standardize the clinical management of CRPA infection in China and improve the standardization and accuracy of diagnosis and treatment, the Branch of Bacterial Infection and Drug Resistance Prevention of the Chinese Medical Association and the Infectious Diseases Specialty Committee of the Chinese Medical Education Association organized multidisciplinary experts to formulate norms and grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation methods in accordance with international guidelines. This guidance systematically focuses on and answers 10 key clinical questions, covering the core aspects of diagnosis and treatment, mainly including: the clinical application value of carbapenemases phenotype or genotype detection, the necessity and methods of combined drug susceptibility testing, adjustment of the treatment plan based on monitoring the minimum inhibitory concentration during the treatment process, the role of drug concentration monitoring in optimizing dosing regimens, comparison of the efficacy of polymyxin monotherapy and combination therapy, the treatment indications and strategies for chronic pulmonary CRPA infection, the clinical application of inhaled antibiotics and azithromycin, the role of intravenous combined nebulization inhalation therapy in acute pulmonary infections, recommendations for the treatment of central nervous system infections with intravenous combined intrathecal/intraventricular administration, and combined treatment strategies for severe CRPA infections. This guideline aims to provide practical guidance for clinical physicians based on current evidence, emphasizing individualized comprehensive treatment based on precise detection and individual patient conditions, in order to improve the clinical outcomes of CRPA infected patients and promote the rational use of antibiotics.

Enteral nutrition (EN) is one of the important approaches in clinical nutritional support therapy. EN intolerance (ENI) occurs frequently during the implementation of EN. Currently, there is a lack of unified diagnostic criteria and monitoring methods for ENI identification and prevention both domestically and internationally, and intervention strategies remain inconsistent, which significantly impede the standardized application of EN. To further standardize the clinical identification, monitoring and intervention of ENI, the China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care Clinical Nutrition Health Branch, the Chinese Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, the Chinese Nutrition Society Branch of Clinical Nutrition organized nearly 100 Chinese experts in related fields to make current consensus. The consensus is based on the best evidence and focus on the following topics: assessment and monitoring of ENI, prevention and treatment of ENI, etc. Finally, 22 recommendations were proposed to offer guidance on identification, prevention and treatment of ENI, as well as to promote the standardized implementation of EN.

To investigate the effects and mechanisms of enriched environment(EE) on cognitive function in Alzheimer′s disease (AD) model mice.

Sixteen male 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice of SPF grade were randomly divided into standard environment group (AD group), and enriched environment group (ADEE group), with 8 mice in each group. Additionally, 16 C57BL/6J mice with matched body weight were selected as the control group and randomly divided into an enriched environment group (NCEE group) and a control group (NC group), with 8 mice in each group. The mice were adapted to the environment for 2 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of intervention. The Morris water maze test was used to assess learning, memory, and exploration abilities; Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot (WB) were performed to detect the levels of Aβ, Tau protein, silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α).

The Morris water maze test showed that the AD group had fewer platform crossings, fewer effective area crossings, shorter effective area dwell time, fewer target quadrant entries, and shorter target quadrant dwell time compared to the NC group (all P<0.05). In contrast, the ADEE group exhibited more effective area crossings, longer effective area dwell time, more target quadrant entries, and longer target quadrant dwell time compared to the AD group (all P<0.05). Immunofluorescence staining results revealed more Aβplaques and Tau protein positive cells in the AD group and ADEE group compared to the NC group and NCEE group (all P<0.01). After EE intervention, the ADEE group exhibited lower Aβ plaques and Tau protein positive cells than the AD group (all P<0.05). Immunofluorescence staining and WB both demonstrated that SIRT1 and PGC-1α expression in AD mice was lower than in NCEE and NC mice (all P<0.05). Following EE intervention, both the ADEE and NCEE groups showed higher SIRT1 and PGC-1α levels compared to the AD group and NC group (all P<0.05).

EE may improve the pathological progression and cognitive impairment of AD by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway.

In recent years, the problem of global population aging has become increasingly severe, and the research on aging and its related diseases has attracted much attention. Aging biomarkers are biological characteristics that reflect the aging process of cells or organisms, and are more helpful for the identification and assessment of aging than chronological age. As a chronic metabolic disease closely related to aging, the role of aging biomarkers in the occurrence, development, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus has been paid more and more attention. This paper reviews the interaction between diabetes and aging, the general situation of aging biomarkers and their role in the development of diabetes and related complications, in order to provide new ideas for the prediction, early warning, early screening, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and its complications.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are key drivers of tumor metastasis, and culturing CTCs in vitro provides a unique perspective on the biological behavior of tumors. However, the in vitro culture efficiency of CTC is limited by the scarcity of cell numbers, high cell heterogeneity, and phenotypic drift caused by environmental differences in vitro and in vivo, which greatly limits its clinical translational potential. This paper systematically reviews the current situation of CTC in vitro culture, analyzes the main bottlenecks of this technology in improving culture efficiency, optimizing culture conditions and ensuring the phenotypic stability of long-term in vitro cultured CTC, and then expounds the application potential of CTC culture in real-time monitoring of tumor evolution, elucidating the mechanism of drug resistance and carrying out individualized drug sensitivity testing. Future research focuses on improving culture efficiency and biological fidelity, while establishing standardized culture processes to promote their application in clinical research.