Volume 89  ·   Issue 40  ·  2009

With the rapid development of life science in the 21st century, medicine has entered an era of genomic medicine. The rapid development of genomics technology has provided unimaginable advanced means for the study of hereditary deafness, and has gradually renewed the traditional thinking idea.

Objective To study the rate of subtelomeric rearrangements in patients with idiopathic mental retardation (MR) and to search the cause of MR.Methods DNA was extracted and purified from peripheral blood leukocytes of 180 patients with idiopathic MR.DNA was tested using specific subtelomeric multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) kits P036B/C and P070 according to manufacturer's instructions.The amplification products were separated by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI 3100 automated sequencer and size standard.MLPA data were extracted by GeneScan Analysis software.Data normalization and analysis were performed with the built-in MLPA application in GeneMarker.Results Among 180 patients with idiopathic MR,12 had pathological subtelomeric deletions including 3 cases with a 4p deletion,2 cases with a deletion at 9q and 22q respectively,1 case with a deletion at 1p,7p,8p,9q and 12q respectively.Subtelomeric rearrangements were responsible for 7% cases of idiopathic mental retardation.Conclusion Subtelomeric rearrangement is a common cause of idiopathic mental retardation.

Objective To study the value of degee diagnosis with color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction (ED).Methods After CDFI and jntracavcmosa vasoactive agent injection (ICI) with papverine 60 mg and pmstaglandin E1 10 μg,198 male ED patients were divided into 4 groups by their penile stifiness based on the Schramek criterion.The thempeutic methods such as antibiotics for prostatitis,sexual behavior therapy,sildenafil,vacuum constriction device (VCD),vcna fistula repairing operation,prosthetic implantation and enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) were recommended to the patients according to their difierent penile stiffness degree and their different preferences.Results Prior to ICI,there was no significant difference in the cavemosa artery peak systolic velocities (PSV).end diastolic velocities (EDV),resistant indexes (RI),dorsal artery PSV,EDV,Riand deep dorsal vein velocity(V)(P＞0.05).After ICI,the cavernosa artery PSV,EDV and RI were significantly difierent (P＜0.05) while other indices were not(P＞0.05).The patients were treated differently according to their preferences.The selective goal-oriented therapy increased the satisfactory rate to 91.91% (182/198).Conclusion Based on the penile stiffness degree with CDFI plus ICI,different therapeutic methods yield a better clinical outcome.

Objective To evaluate the effects of high PEEP versus low PEEP upon mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods The databases Medline,Embase,Web of Science,CENTRAL and CBM(Chinese Bio-Medical Literature & Retrieval System) were retrieved by using the key words ARDS,ALI,acute hypoxemic respiratory failure,acute respiratory distress syndrome,adult respiratory distress syndrome,respiratory failure,systemic inflammatory response syndrome,non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema,ventilation,PEEP,and positive end expiratory pressure,so as to search the material about the randomized controlled trials comparing the mortality of ARDS or ALI treated by high PEEP and low PEE P.Study reports were included if they:(1) enrolled over 10 patients;(2) enrolled adult human ARDS or ALI subiects treated with mechanical ventilation;(3) included high PEEP and low PEEP with significant differences;and (4) included hospital mortality.Results Five documents about randomized controlled clinical trials,including 2447 patients.met the enrollment criteria.The hospital mortalities of high PEEP and low PEEP groups were 34.2% (415/1215) and 37.7% (464/1232) respectively (RR=0.91,95% CI:0.82-1.01,P=0.07).Sensitive analysis confirmed the nonexistence of differences in hospital mortality between these two groups (RR=0.94,95% CI:0.84-1.05.P=0.25).Neither funnel plot nor rank correlation test regarding hospital mortality indicated the existence of publication bias(χ2=8.26.P=0.09).Conclusion The use of high or low PEEP in oxygenation function does not affect hospital mortality in ARDS patients.

Objective To evaluate quality of life (QOL) of patients with different severity of coronary artery disease using Seattle angina questionnalre (SAQ).Methods A total of 513 hospitalized patients undergoing coronary angiography from December 2007 to December 2008 were included.QOL of these patients was measured with SAQ and their demographic and clinical data were collected.Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the severity of coronary artery disease by coronary angiography.And comparisons of traditional risk factors and QOL were made among these groups.Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the variables associated with QOL.Results The scores of physical limitation were significantly different among 3 groups according to the severity of coronary artery disease by coronary angiography(80±16,79±19 and 71±22,P＜0.01).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that physical limitation of the patients was affected by age(P＜0.01),gender(P＜0.01) and severity of coronary artery disease(P＜0.01).Angina stability was affected by the history of myocardial infarction(P=0.03).Angina frequency was affected by the history of myocardial infarction (P=0.01) and gender(P=0.04).Treatment satisfaction was affected by the severity of coronary artery disease(P=0.03)and disease perception by the history of DM (P=0.03).Conclusion Age,gender,history of myocardial infarction,history of DM and severity of coronary artery disease are independent predictors of QOL in patients with coronary artery disease.

Objective To explore the effects of ND1 gent with 3316 G→A mutation upon mitochondrial function and elucidate its role in the development of human diabetes.Methods The eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1B and E.coli DH5α were used to construct the reconbinant plasmid (pcDNA3.1B-ND1) of wild-type and 3316 G→A mutant type ND1 gene.And the recombinant plasmids were analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing.Two siRNAs (mtND11 and mtND12) specific for human mtNDA ND1 gene were designed,synthesized and then transfected into Heia cells for silencing endogenous mtDNA ND1 gene.The gene-silencing effects were analyzed by RT-PCR,SDS-PAGE and MitoCaptureTM mitochondrial apoptosis detection kit.Later the two types recombinant plasmids were transfected into Hela cells in which endogenous mtDNA ND1 gene was silenced.After 48 h culture,the Hela ceils were collected for determination of mitochondrial proteins by SDS-PAGE.Results Both mtND11 and mtND12 could decrease mtDNA ND1 expression and mtND11 caused a smaller decrease.The expression of mitochondrial protein in 3316 G→A mutant type recombinant decreased.Conclusion The normal expression of mitoehondrial ND1 gene maintain the function of mitochondrial respiratory chain and cell proliferation.The 3316 G→A mutation in mitoehondrial Ndlgene might be related to the down-regulated expression of mitoehondrial protein and the diabetes mellitus pathogenesis.

Objective To evaluate the variability of neural respiratory drive in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) upon neural respiratory drive.Methods We recorded diaphragm electromyogram (EMGdi) with multi-pair esophageal electrodes and its variability during wakefulness,sleep and treatment with CPAP in 13 patients with moderate to severe OSA diagnosed by an overnight full polysomnography (OSA group).Six normal subjects (control group) were also studied.Results Coefficient of variation of EMGdi (CV-EMGdi) during wakefulness (15.4%±3.8%) was similar to that during sleep (17.3%±5.2,P＞0.05) in the control group.The CV-EMGdi during wakefulness,sleep,sleep apnea events and treatment with CPAP in OSA group was 14.7%±1.9%,40.7%±12.0%,29.1%±7.5% and 15.4%±4.6% respectively,CV-EMGdi during sleep or sleep apnea events was larger than that during wakefulness (P＜0.01).However,there was no difference in the CV-EMGdi during wakefulness and during treatment with CPAP (P＞0.05).Conclusion The variability of neural respiratory drive in patients with OSA is higher than that in normal subjects,and CPAP can reduce the variability of neural respiratory drive in patients with OSA.

Objective To approach the clinical characteristic and risk factors affecting the incidence and outcome of post-transplantation invasive fongal iafection (IFI) iu patients with malignant hematologic disease and undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).Methods The incidence and outcome of IFI after transplantation in 193 cases of recipients underwent allo-HSCT in our single center were assessed retrospectively.Some potential influential factors for that of IFI were analyzed by methods of bivariate correlate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis,including the source of donor and stem cell,human leukocyte antigen matched.white blood cell engraftment,the history and states of IFI before transplantation.prophylaxis schema for GVHD.acute and chronic GVHD.Results The 2-year cumulative incidence of post-transplantation IFI was 34.0%±4.0%.The incidences of breakthrough IFI at primary and secondary prophylaxis were 3.8% and 21.1%,respectively (P=0.003).84.2% patients with IFI occurred within half of years after transplantation.In fonts that can be measured,molds and yeasts accounted for 68.1% and 27.7%.respectively.Infective sites in pulmonary or not accounted for were 67.3% and 27.7%.respectively.The total effective rate of IFI was 67.3%,complete response rate was 44.2%.Furthermore,there was no statistically significant difierence in the therapeutic effect of antifungal agents between patients with a history of IFI and those without before transplantation.IFI-related mortality was 38.5%.Muti-variate analysis showed acute GVHD was an important factor affecting the incidence and outcome of IFI.Conclusion Pulmonary mold infection was the most common IFI after allo-HSCT.patients with a history of IFI did not seem to be an contraindication for allo-HSCT.Acute GVHD was a significant risk factor for the incidence and outcome of IFI.

Objective To explore the protective effect of esomeprazole upon stress-related intestinal mucosal damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats.Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups:groups A and B served as TBI models and group C was designated as a normal control (shame operation).In group B rats were treated subcutaneously with esomeprazole prior to TBI while groups A and C rots were treated with an equivalent amount of normal saline.During the observation period,the morphological changes of brain tissue and intestinal mucosa were observed.And the intestinal mueosal permeability to flnoreseein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were assessed.The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the levels of malondiatdehyde (MDA),reduced glutathione(GSH) and hydroxyl radical (OH·) were measured.Results (1)During the observation period of TBI,the intestinal mucosal was damaged,but there was improvement in group PPI.(2) FITC-dextran leakage increased after TBI and peaked at 24 h (P＜0.01);its level of (3720±401) ng/ml in group PPI was lower than that in group TBI (5230±489) ng/ml (P＜0.05).(3)The DAO activity in mucesa decreased and the decline was the greatest at 24 h (P＜0.05),its level of (0.44±0.11) ng/ml in group PPI at 24 h was higher than that in group TBI (0.31±0.07) ng/ml (P＜0.05);while the DAO activity in serum increased significantly.(4) The activity of SOD and the level of GSH in intestinal mucosal started to decrease at 3 h and the decline was the greatest at 24 h (P＜0.05),their levels were (10.2±2.8)U/mgprot and (140±46) mg/gprot respectively in group TBI,a remarkable drop in comparison with those of PPI group (13.0 s 2.4) U/mgprot and (208±48) U/gprot (P＜0.05).(5) The levels of OH',MDA and MPO in intestinal mucosal increased and peaked at 24 h (P＜0.05),the respective levels in group PPI(108±8),(6.2±0.6) and (1.53±0.52) U/mgprot and those in the TBI group(150 s 8),(7.7±0.9),(1.93±0.53) U/mgprot,demonstrated that there was a remarkable rise (P＜0.05).Conclusion Traumatic brain injury may lead to stress-related intestinal mucosal damage.Oxygen free radicals play an important role in intestinal mucosal barrier damage.Esomeprazole attenuates the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier by antioxidant effect and inhibiting the activity of neutrophil.

Objective To explore the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) upon the activities of Na+,K+-ATPase,Ca2+-ATPase and mRNA expression levels of Na+,K+-ATPase α1-subunit and plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase isoform 1 (PMCAI) in cultured thoracic aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).Methods ASMCs isolated from 14-weekold male SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rots were interference-cultured in different doses of ANP and Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ).The contents of ANP and Ang Ⅱ in supernatant from ASMCs were measured by radioimmunoassay.The activities of the above two ATPases were measured by biochemistry and enzymology.RT-PCR assay was employed to determine the relative levels of Na+,K+-ATPase α1-subunit and PMCA1 mRNA in ASMCs.Results The ANP level of supematant in SHR ASMCs was significantly lower than those from WKY control [(7.3±2.4) pg·10-6 cells vs (19.3±3.3) pg·10-6 cells,P＜0.01]while the content of Ang Ⅱ in SHR ASMCs was significantly higher than those from WKY control [(57±4) pg·10-6 cells vs (44±4) pg·10-6 cells,P＜0.01].The activity of Na+,K+-ATPase [(4.3±0.8) μmol·h-1·mg-1 vs (5.3±1.0) μmol·h-1·mg-1],Ca2+-ATPase [(3.2±0.7) μmol·h-1·mg-1 vs (4.5±0.7) μmol·h-1·mg-1]in ASMCs from SHR were significantly lower than those from WKY control (both P＜0.01).The mRNA expression of Na+,K+-ATPase α1-subunit (0.524±0.025 vs 0.704±0.116),PMCAI (0.193±0.030 vs 0.547±0.045) significantly decreased in ASMCs from SHR versus the WKY control (both P＜0.01).As compared with SHR control,exogenous ANP improved obviously the activities of Na+,K+-ATPase,Ca2+-ATPase and expression of α1-subunit,PMCA1 mRNA in a does-dependent manner (P＜0.05-P＜0.01).Exogenous AngⅡ(1×10-9,1×10-8,1×10-7 mol/L) significantly repressed activities of Ca2+-ATPase and attenuated the expression of PMCA1 mRNA (P＜0.05-P＜0.01).Only AngⅡ(1×10-7 mol/L) significantly inhibited the activity of Na+,K+-ATPase and attenuated the expression of Na+,K+-ATPase α1-subunit mRNA (both P＜0.05).ANP antagonized the effects of AngⅡ (1×10-7 mol/L) upon the activities of two ATPases and the expression of Na+,K+-ATPase α1-subunit PMCA1 mRNA (P＜0.05-P＜0.01).AngⅡ(1×10-7 mol/L) increased the Na+,K+-ATPase activity and the expression of Na+,K+-ATPase α1-subunit mRNA,repressed the Ca2+-ATPase activity and the expression of PMCA1 mRNA in ASMCs from WKY rat (P＜0.05-P＜0.01).ANP antagonized the effects of AngⅡ(1×10-7 mol/L) upon the activity of Ca2+-ATPase and the expression of PMCA1 mRNA (P＜0.05-P＜0.01),but did not antagonize the effects of Ang Ⅱ(1×10-7 mol/L) upon the activity of Na+,K+-ATPase and the expression of α1-subunit mRNA in ASMCs from WKY rats (P＞0.05).Conclusion The decreased activities of Na+,K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase may be related to the abnormal autocrine of ANP and AngⅡ in ASMC of SHR.ANP can antagonize the effects of Ang Ⅱ upon the activities of two ATPases and the expression of Na+,K+-ATPase α1-subunit PMCA1 mRNA.

Objective To evaluate the effect of diabetic control after small intestine exclusion surgery in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods GK type 2 diabetic rats underwent duodenal bypass (Group A,n=8) creating a shortcut for ingested nutrients with bypassing duodenum alone,or duodenal-jejunal bypass (Group B,n=8),a stomach-preserving RYGB excluding duodenum and proximal jejunum,or duodeuum and total jejunum exclusion (Group C,n=8),or sub-total small intestine exclusion (Group D,n=8) creating a shortcut for ingested nutrients with bypassing duodenum,jejunum and sub-total ileum.Controls were pair-fed (PF) sham-operated and untreated GK rats (Group SO,n=8).Rats were observed for 24 weeks after surgery.Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level was determined on a Surestep plus blood glucose meter (Lifescan) at 0,1,3,6,12,24 week.Hemoglobin Alc (HbA1c) level was measured at 0,12,24 week on VARIANT Hemoglobin Alc Program (Bio-Ray) with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.Results The fasting blood glucose and HbAlc levels significantly decreased after surgery in all the operative groups through the entire follow-up period [Group B (FBG before surgery and 1 week after:(162±44) mg/dl vs (80±19) mg/dl;HbAlc before surgery and 12 week after:(8.2±2.2)% vs (5.1±1.5)%,P＜0.05 or P＜0.01];while FBG had no differences before 12 week and significantly increased at 12 week (164±44) mg/dl and 24 week (180±42) mg/dl in group SO [preoperative (145±35) mg/dl,P＜0.01].As compared with shamoperated rats,all the operative groups showed reduced blood-glucose and HbAlc levels through the entire follow-up period (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).The FBG and HbA1c levels in Group B significantly decreased versus Group A [24 week (FBG:(82±21) mg/dl vs (111±27) mg/dl;HbAlc:(3.9±0.9)% vs (5.4±1.2)%,P＜0.05],indicating that duodenal-jejunal bypass had markedly a better effect of diabetic control.But Groups B,C and D were similar to one another (P＞0.05),suggesting that a potential role of proximal gut in the pathogenesis of disease.Conclusion In spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus rats,all the small intestinal exclusion including proximal gut are effective in glucose control.In terms of intestinal nutrient absorption,duodenal-jejunal bypass may be an ideal surgery for clinical diabetic control.These findings suggest a potential role of proximal intestine in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective To explore the feasibility of inhibition of hTERT and androgen receptor (AR) gene expression simultaneously in LNCaP cells by single shRNA vector.Methods Templates DNA of beth hTERT and AR siRNA were inserted into Pgenesil vector to construct a new vector Pgenesil-hTERT-AR-shRNA by RNAi-DNA vector technology.Pgenesil-HK-shRNA,Pgenesil-hTERT-shRNA,Pgenesil-AR-shRNA and Pgenesil-hTERT-AR-shRNA vectors were transfected into prostate cancer LNCaP cells respectively.The levels of AR mRNA,apoptosis and proliferation of each cell group were determined by FQPCR,Annexin V method and MTT.Results The level of hTERT mRNA of control group cells and cells transfected by Pgenesil-HK-shRNA,Pgenesil-hTERT-shRNA,Pgenesil-AR-shRNA and Pgenesil-hTERT-AR-shRNA was (1.51±0.08)×108,(7.32±0.43)×107,(2.94±0.15)×106,(4.45±0.25)×107 and(3.17±0.18)×106 (copies/ml) respectively.The level of AR mRNA of control cell groups and cells transfected by Pgenesil-HK-shRNA,Pgenesii-hTERT-shRNA,Pgenesil-AR-shRNA and Pgenesil-hTERT-AR-shRNA was (1.92±0.11)×105,(6.47±0.32)×105,(3.70±0.24)×104,(1.22±0.06)×104 and (7.21±0.41)×103 (copies/ml) respectively.These data indicate that the expression of hTERT or AR gene could be significantly inhibited by Pgenesil-hTERT-shRNA or Pgenesil-AR-shRNA while Pgenosil-hTERT-AR-shRNA could simultaneously inhibit both hTERT and AR gene expression.The apoptosis rate and the inhibition rate of cell growth of Pgenesil-hTERT-AR-shRNA group were significantly higher than those of Pgenesil-hTERT-shRNA group or Pgenesil-AR-shRNA group (P＜0.05).Conclusion It is feasible to inhibit both hTERT and AR gene expression simultaneously by single shRNA vector.It will be a new research strategy of gene therapy for prostate cancer.

Objective To investigate the influence of combining RNAi-hTR plus hTERT genes upon the telomerase activity of bladder cancer BIU-87 cell line and provide new methods and evidence for RNAi in gene therapy of bladder transitional cell cancer.Methods Three hTR-specific double-stranded siRNAs and 3 hTERT-speeific double-stranded siRNAs were designed targeting different regions of hTR and hTERT mRNA.siRNAs (systems-PhTR-siRNA,PhTERT-siRNA and combining systems-PhTR plus PhTERT-siRNA) were transfeeted into bladder transitional cancer BIU-87 cell line.And hTR and hTERT mRNA expression were determined by fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR while telomerie repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) was applied to detect the telomerase activity and the growth inhibition of BIU-87 cells detected by MTT assay.Results RNAi-pRNAT-hTERT-Ⅲ,RNAi-pRNAT-hTR-Ⅲ and combining RNAi-hTR plus hTERT could inhibit the expression of hTERT and hTR mRNA in bladder cancer BIU-87 cell lines by RNAi-pRNAT-hTERT-Ⅲ hTERTmRNA 67%,RNAi-pRNAT-hTR-Ⅲ hTRmRNA 41% and pRNAT-hTR-Ⅲ hTRmRNA:57%,pRNAT-hTERT-Ⅲ,pRNAT-hTR-Ⅲ hTERTmRNA:70% (P＜0.05).The growth of bladder cancer BIU-87 ceil was inhibited and telomerase activity considerably decreased,especially in combining RNAi-hTR and hTERT.Conclusion hTR-siRNA,hTERT-siRNA and combing siRNA hTR plus hTERT have been successfully designed and constructed.They can suppress specifically and effectively both hTR and hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity,especially in combining siRNA-hTR+hTERT.Combining siRNA-hTR plus hTERT are needed to explore its clinical applications.

Objective Visfatin is a new novel proinflammatory adipoeytokine affecting insulin resistance by binding to insulin receptor.To investigate whether visfatin stimulates monoeyte chemotaetic protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and mediates insulin receptor (IR) is involved in are not known.Methods Cultured HUVEC was treated with different doses and durations of visfatin.Furthermore,HUVEC was pretreated with hydroxy2-naphthalenylmethylphosphonic acid trisaeetoxymethyl ester (HNMPA-(AM)3),a specific inhibitor of IR followed by visfatin (100 ng/ml) treatment.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to measure MCP-1 and IL-6 production in HUVEC.Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for determining MCP-1 and IL-6 mRNA expression.Results Visfatin significantly dose- and time-dependently up-regulated protein production of MCP-1 and IL-6 in HUVEC.We therefore found visfatin-induced MCP-1 and IL-6 production and gene expression in HUVEC were inhibited by HNMPA-(AM)3.Condusion Visfatin induces endothelial MCP-1 and IL-6 production in HUVEC in a dose and time-dependently manner.This action appears to be mediated via insulin receptor pathway.

A 45-year-old female was admitted to the Hematology Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in April 2007 due to "rash for 13 years, fever and fatigue for 8 years, and lymph node enlargement for 5 years". The patient developed back rash without obvious inducement in 1994, which was not higher than the skin surface, pale red, and did not fade when pressed, and was not paid attention to. Similar rash appeared on the chest, face and limbs one after another.

Pancreatic cystic tumor (CTP) is a kind of neoplastic cystic lesion caused by secretion retention caused by proliferation of epithelial cells in pancreatic duct or acinar tissue. It is a rare tumor with an incidence rate of about 0.1‰ [1]. There are few reports in domestic literature. Pancreatic cystic tumor includes various benign or malignant lesions, and the diagnosis and differential diagnosis are still difficult, and surgical treatment is still a good method.

Primary pulmonary amyloidosis is a rare disease, with poor long-term prognosis after diagnosis, and there is a lack of effective treatment so far [1]. Kurrus et al. [2] first reported the successful treatment of tracheobronchial intimal amyloidosis with external radiation therapy (EBRT) in 1998. Since then, there have been successive reports of using EBRT in the treatment of conjunctival, bronchial and diffuse pulmonary amyloidosis abroad [1-4], but such reports are rare in China. Since 2007, 3 cases of primary pulmonary amyloidosis were treated with chest EBRT in our hospital, and the curative effect was good. The reports are as follows.

Gaucher disease (GD) is one of the most common lysosomal storage disorders (LSD). It is an autosomal recessive disease, which is mainly caused by the deficiency of β-glucocerebrosidase,GC, which causes glucocerebroside to accumulate in the lysosomes of macrophages without hydrolysis, resulting in the loss of the original function of the cells and a series of symptoms.

Expert consensus reached at the National Institutes of Health Health Consultation on Health Development, June 2002 (Nailonal Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Management of hepatitis C) Recombinant interferon alpha-2b or combination of alpha-2a and triazolium nucleoside is recommended in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the dose and how it is combined are not sufficiently compared. A recent article published in the New England Journal of Medicine on August 6, 2009 (N Engl Med, 2009, 361:580-593) fully compared the three therapeutic methods of standard dose recombinant interferon alpha-2b or low dose recombinant interferon alpha-2b combined with triazolium nucleoside and recombinant interferon alpha-2a combined with triazolium nucleoside in the treatment of HCV infection and reached conclusions.

the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been described in detail. A recent article published in the New England Journal of Medicine (published on August 5, 2009, at NEJM.org, the NEJM, 2009, 361:10.1056/NEJMoa0903840) confirmed that serial mutations in the genome are likely to be related to the pathogenesis. the experiment analyzed the poorly differentiated AML (mimmal maturation, AML-M1) chromosome and the matching normal skin chromosome, and used a large number of similar DNA sequences to obtain important, cytogenetic and widespread (about 98%) genetic evidence.