Volume 89  ·   Issue 24  ·  2009

Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors that seriously threatens human survival and health, and its morbidity and mortality rank first among all kinds of tumors. In recent 30 years, the 5-year and 10-year survival rates of lung cancer patients have been maintained at a very low level, 14% and 8% respectively [1].

Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of death due to malignant tumors [1]. The number of lung cancer deaths in the United States in 2008 was 161 840, which is the sum of colon, breast, pancreatic and cervical cancer deaths [1].

Objective To observe the value and safety of real-time endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) on mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes of lung cancer. Methods During July 2008 to December 2008, 25 patients (18 males, 7 females), (68±9) years old, with proven or radiologicaily suspected lung cancer were enrolled. EBUS-TBNA was performed to obtain samples from 28 lymph nodes of these patients. And 28 lymph nodes of 26 same eligible patients [(18 males, 8 females, (66±8) years old] were sampled with conventional TBNA by the same operator during January 2008 to June 2008. A positive result was either a specific diagnosis (eg, malignant cells) or a lymphocyte-positive specimen. The results and complications of EBUS-TBNA versus conventional TBNA were compared. Results The yield of EBUS-TBNA, 92.9%, was significantly higher than 60.7% (17/28 nodes) of conventional TBNA (χ2=8.114, P=0.004). No pneumothorax, airway rupture, hemorrhage (>5 ml) and other complications were observed for the patients operated with EBUS-TBNA and conventional TBNA. Conclusions Real-time EBUS guidance significantly increases the yield of TBNA on mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes of lung cancer, and EBUS-TBNA is safe. Further application studies are needed.

Objective To evaluate the combination of 7 interventional puimonology methods in early diagnosis of lung cancer. Methods A total of 467 patients with thoracic and pulmonary lesions (include hilum pulmonis lymphadenectasis, mediastinal lymphadenectasis, pulmonary scobination, lump, lamellar infiltration, small amount of pleural fluid and pleural scobination) had negative results via exfoliative cytology, bacteriology and routine bronehoscopy. All these patients had uitrathin bronchoscopy with biopsy and brushing. For those 155 cases whose foci were located at ports pulmonis, inner zone or median zone, the authors applied ultrathin brenchoscopy with biopsy and brushing guided by X-ray. For those 95 cases whose foci were located at median zone or outer zone and unconnected with chest wall, per cutem lung puncture needle aspiration was employed under the guidance of X-ray. For those 102 cases whose foci were tightly connected with pleural membrane, per eutem lung puncture biopsy was employed under the guidance of type-B ultrasonic. For those 59 cases with suspected central airway foci, auto-fluorescence bronchoscopic biopsy and brushing were employed. For those 67 cases with hilum pulmonis or mediastinal lymphadenectasis, endobronchial ultrasonic transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) was employed. For those 23 cases with small amount of pleural fluid or pleural scobination, electronic thoracoscopie biopsy and brushing were employed. Results It was found that 118 cases were diagnosed by ultrathin brunehoscopic biopsy and brushing with a positive rate of 25.3% (118/467), 105 cases by ultrathin brunehoseopy with biopsy and brushing guided by X-ray with a positive rate of 67.7% (105/155), 63 cases by per cutem lung puncture needle aspiration under the guidance of X-ray with a positive rate of 66.3% (63/95), 69 cases by per cutem lung puncture biopsy under the guidance of type-B ultrasound with a positive rate of 67.6% (69/102), 18 cases by auto-fluorescence bronchoscopic biopsy and brushing with a positive rate of 35.3% (18/51), 52 cases by EBUS-TBNA with a positive rate of 77.6% (52/67), 12 cases by electronic thoracoscopic biopsy and brushing with a positive rate of 52.2% (12/23). The total positive diagnostic rate was 93.6% (437/467). And the diagnostic rate of ≤stageⅡ lung cancer (3 cases carcinoma in situ, 84 stage Ⅰa, 63 stage Ⅰb, 65 stageⅡa and 44 stageⅡb) was 82.7% (259/313).Conclusion Joint application of these 7 interventional bronchoscopic techniques can significantly boost the rate of early diagnosis of lung cancer.

Objective To screen the serum biomarker proteins of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs) by liquid chip-mass spectrometry technology. Methods All serum samples, including 34 SCCs, 46 benign lung diseases (BLDs) and 44 healthy individuals, were analyzed by CLINPROT system in order to study the serum protein expression profiles. Then the discriminatory proteins were detected by FlexAnalysis 3.0 software. Biomarkers were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results Comparing the differential serum expression proteins between SCCs and healthy individuals, and SCCs and BLDs respectively. Ninty-six differential protein peaks [mass-to-charge ration (M/Z) between 800 and 10 000] were found between SCCs and healthy individuals. In these protein peaks, the expression of protein peaks at 4054. 13 M/Z and 4267.46 M/Z had the largest difference between them. The two protein peaks could accurately separate SCCs from healthy individuals by the frame of axes. Similarly, 99 differential protein peaks were automatically detected between SCCs and BLDs. In these protein peaks, the expression of protein peaks at 5065. 27 M/Z and 4054. 02 M/Z had the largest difference between them. The two protein peaks could accurately separate SCCs from BLDs by the frame of axes. Identified by LC-MS/MS, 1778 M/Z and 1865 M/Z might be assayed jointly and corresponded tocomplements C3 fragment or C3f precursor. Conclusions Differential protein expressions existed between SCCs versus healthy individuals and SCCs versus BLD patients. It is feasible to screen the diagnostic serum biomarkers of SCC with a high sensitivity and specificity by using CLINPROT system.

Objective To explore atrioventricular connection and atrioventricular segmental situs in patients with crisscross heart (CCH) and to evaluate the diagnostic value of echocardiography for this anomaly. Methods Ten consecutive patients with crisscross heart were enrolled into this retrospective study. Their echocardiographic data were analyzed and compared with the results of X-ray angiocardiography and 64-slice multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) or MRI. Results The crossing of atrioventricular valves could be seen in each case by scanning in a subxiphoid or apical 4-chamber view. Both the positive rate and the specificity were 100%. Horizontal ventricular septum was in 9 cases and vertical (sagittal) ventricular septum in 1 case. The segmental set of 8 patients with concordant atrioventricular connection was {S. D. L} in 5 cases, {S. D. D} 1 case, {S. D. S} 1 case and {S. L. D} 1 case. The segmental set of 1 case with discordant atrioventricular connection was {I. D. D} and another 1 case with ambiguous atrioventricular connection was {A. L. L}. In 1 case, the atrioventricular connection was inconsistent with the atrioventricular segmental situs. Ventriculoarterial connections were concordant in 1, DORV in 6, TGA in 2 and C-TGA in 1. Conclusion Echocardiography is proven quite helpful in diagnosis of CCH, and continuous sweeps in subxiphoid long-axis plane or apical 4-chamber view play a key role. Both the atrioventricular connection and the atrioventricular segmental situs are complicated so that they are not always concordance with each other. It is necessary to account for separately.

Objective To detect the differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvcssel density (MVD) count in benign and malignant breast lesions to clarify the correlation of VEGF expression with the occurrence and progression of breast cancer and angiogenesis. Methods lmmunohistochemistry (SP method) was used to examine the expression of VEGF and MVD count in 88 intra-operatively harvested samples of invasive ductal breast carcinoma, 25 samples of breast carcinoma in situ, 15 samples of atypical breast hyperplasia and 100 samples of benign breast lesions obtained. Results The positive rate of VEGF in invasive ductal breast carcinoma group was 70. 5% and it was significantly higher than those of benign breast lesions, atypical breast hyperplasia and breast carcinoma in situ groups (22.0%, 33.3% and 56.0% respectively, P=0.000). The positive rate of VEGF with lymph node metastasis was higher than that without lymph node metastasis (P=0.015). The positive rate of VEGF in Stages Ⅱb-Ⅲ was higher than that in Stages Ⅰ-Ⅱ a (P=0.006). The positive rate of VEGF in C-erbB-2 positive group was higher than that in C-erbB-2 negative group (P=0.016). An elevated expression of VEGF was observed as the tissue differentiation degree increased (P=0.017). The MVD value of invasive ductal breast carcinoma group was 23±15 and it was significantly higher than those of benign breast lesions, atypical breast hyperplasia and breast carcinoma in situ groups (14±4, 18±4 and 20±6 respectively, P=0.000). In invasive ductal breast carcinoma group, a significant higher MVD value was observed as the tissue differentiation degree increased (P=0.006). The MVD value in VEGF positive group was higher than that in VEGF negative group (P=0.000). In invasive ductal breast carcinoma, the MVD count increased significantly with the elevated expression of VEGF (P=0.000). Conclusion In invasive ductal breast carcinoma, angiognnesis and metastasis are mediated mainly by VEGF. The expressions of VEGF and MVD may be two of reference predictors for biological behaviors of breast carcinoma. The occurrence and progression of breast cancer might be correlated with the expression of VEGF. The VEGF-targeting antiangiogenic therapy is expected to become a new therapeutic modality for C-erbB-2 positive patients.

：Objective To investigatethe relationship between local immune status of vagina and the occurrence of disease inpatients with cervicitis. Methods ELISA were used to detect the level of interleukin(IL)-8and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in vaginal douche of patientswith eervicitis due to ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis, chlamydia trachomatis,neisseria gonorrhoeae and cervical erosion. Results Compared with the control group, thelevel of IL-8 in vaginal douche of patients with mycoplasma hominis cervicitis, chlamydiatrachomatis cervicitis and neisseria gonorrhoeae cervicitis was significantly higher andthere was significant difference ng/L: 371±34, 369±31, 339±36, vs 341±32, 338±33, 316±24,(all P<0.01). Comparing the level of IL-8 in vaginal douche of patients with ureaplasmaurealyticum eervicitis and cervical erosion with that of control group, there was nostatistical difference(all P>0.05). The level of TNF-α in vaginal douche of each group was remarkably higher thanthat of control group except for patients with cervical erosion. And statisticallysignificant difference was found between them (all P<0.01). Conclusion With regards tothe pathogenesis of cervicitis, local immune mechanism of vagina plays an important rolein the occurrence of cervicitis. The role of IL-8 in pathogenesis of myeoplasma hominiscervieitis, chlamydia trachomatis cervieitis and neisseria gonorrhoeae cervicitis islikely to be more important.

Objective To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA). Methods A cross-sectional study was performed at community of Beijing in men over 50 years old. Height, weight and PSA (beth serum TPSA and FPSA) were assessed in 1573 men. According to the redefined World Health Organization (WHO) criterion for Asia Pacific Region, BMI was categorized as light weight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<23.0 kg/m2), overweight (23.0 kg/m2≤BMI<25.0 kg/m2), obese (25.0 kg/m2≤BMI<30.0 kg/m2) and severe obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2). SPSS 13.0 was used in BMI and PSA statistical analysis. Results Mean age was (64± 10) years, mean BMI (24±3) kg/m2, PSA median 1.0(0.6-1.9) μg/L and mean prostate volume(30± 18) ml. BMI classification: low weight 54 cases (3.43%), normal weight 441 (28.04%), overweight 423 patients (26.89%), obesity 597 patients (37.95%) and severe obesity 58 (3.69%). We adjusted the low weight group and severe obesity group into normal group and obesity group respectively for small sample capacity. After adjustment, there was no significance difference (P=0.75) between PSA level of normal group and that of obesity group. However, the PSA level of normal group and overweight group versus obesity group respectively, there were significant differences (P=0.002, 0.010). After adjusting for age and prostate volume, the correlation between BMI and PSA was negative. BMI showed no significant correlation with PSA in different age groups. Conclusion BMI and PSA were negatively correlated. BMI should be considered as a factor (esp. for obese or severe obese) in man undergoing prostate cancer screening.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and glomerular filtration rate in healthy population. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Shenyang. The Framingham sex-spocific risk equation was employed to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factors of 501 healthy study objects, calculate Framingham risk score and estimate the risk of 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 501 study subjects were then divided into 3 groups according to 10-year CHD risk: low risk group (<10%), moderate risk group (10%-20%) and high risk group (>20%). Study subjects were also divided into 5 groups according to age: ≤44 years old; 45-54 years old; 55-64 years old; 65-74 years old and ≥ 75 years old. The Cockcroft-Cault equation (GFRCG), abbreviated MDRD equation (GFRMDRD1) and modified MDRD equation (GFRMDRD2) were used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Giomerular filtration rate (GFR) were compared among different risk groups and correlation coefficients between Framingham risk score and glomerular filtration rate calculated. Results GFRCG, GFRMDRD1 and GFRMDRD2 in the low risk group was [(103±27)ml·min-1 (1.73 m2)-1, (109±22)ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 and (134±27)ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1]. Compared with the low risk group, GFRGC, GFRMDRD1 and GFRMDRD2 in moderate risk group all decreased [(84±24)ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1, (101±27)ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1, (124±33)nd·min-1· (1.73 m2)-1,all P<0.01]. GFRCG, GFRMDRD1 and GFRMDRD2 in the high risk group all decreased [(71±15)ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1, (88±15) ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 (109±18)ml·min-1· (1.73 m2)-1, all P<0.01]. The GFRCG, GFRMDRD1 and GFRMDRD2 in the high risk group all decreased compared with the moderate risk group (P<0.05). There was a significantly inverse correlation between Framingham risk score and GFR with the Pearson correlation coefficient-0.586 (GFRCG, P<0.01) and -0.449 (GFRMDRD1 and GFRMDRD2, P<0.01). Conclusion There is an inverse correlation between cardiovascular risk factors and GFR in healthy population. With the increasing of risk factors and their severity, Frarningham risk score increases and GFR decreases.

Objective To observe the plasma concentration change of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and the histomorphological changes in penile cavernous body after administrating a continuous low dose of tadalafil into spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods Forty SHR rats were randomly divided into four groups of blank group, placebo group, continuous low-dose group and intermittent dose group with 10 rats in each. The animals were administrated with different doses of tadalafil via an intragastric route. To observe the plasma concentration change of ET-1 and cellular morphological changes of penile cavernous tissue in SHR after four weeks, the immunohistochemical method of SABC was employed to detect the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in penile corpora cavernous of different groups. Results The plasma levels of ET-1 were lower in continuous low dose group (12.0±1.6) and intermittent dose group (14.3±1.7) as compared with the blank (18.0±1.9) and placebo groups (17.6±2.2) (all P<0.01). And there was significant difference between the continuous low dose and intermittent dose groups (P<0.05). The A-value level of absorbanee in α-SMA were significantly different with the blank (0.53±0.03) and placebo groups (0.52±0.05) (P>0.05) and it was lower in the continuous low dose group (0.29±0.03) than the intermittent dose group (0.38±0.03) (P<0.05). It can be observed microscopically that in blank group and placebo group: endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cells of penile cavernous tissue in SHR had a disorderly distribution. The disrupted continuity and integrity of endothelial cell were also found. And they improved in continuous low dose group and intermittent dose group, especially the former; it can be dewed under TEM that the endothelial cells of penile cavernous tissue in SHR had mostly reverted to normal condition in the continuous low dose group and its ultra-structure indicated that the tissue morphology improved. Conclusion A continuous low dose of tadalafil can improve the function and structure of vascular endothelium in penile cavernous body. Thus it provides rationales for a continuous low dose of PDE5 inhibitor in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Objective To screen new candidate molecular-targeted anti-leukemia compounds with potential functions of targeted up-regulating ID4 gene expression. Methods Promoter region of ID4 gene including the upstream-3000 bp sequence of transcriptional start site and message RNA sequence were fished out. Online promoter analysis tools of TESS and Genomax were used to search possible sequence of transcriptional start site and message RNA sequence were fished out. Online promoter analysis tools of TESS and Genomax were used to search possible cis-acting structure from human transcription factor database. The activity of related drugs with potential effects upon ID4 gene expression was analyzed using SAGE database. GEO database was applied to search the gene expression profiling regulated by ID4 gene. Finally, similar analysis between gene expression profiling by ID4 and genome-wide profiling regulated by 163 known drugs or active compounds was manipulated to screen the drugs and candidate compounds with similar gene expression profiling with ID4 gene. MOLT4 cell line was treated with the above candidate active compounds to investigate the ID4 gene expression by RT-PCR assay. Results ID4 gene had a type Ⅱ promoter with a typical TATA box in upstream -45 bp of transcription start site. The 1300 bp-length promoter of ID4 gene contained a few cis-acting structures classified into two function types, i. e. positive regulatory type, including transcription factors Spl and c-Myb, cAMP, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor (ER), and negative regulatory type, including Wilms tumor-1 (WT1) and early growth response-2 (EGR2). The similarity of gene expression profiling was identified between cAMP and ID4 gene. ID4 gene expression was induced in MOLT4 cell line after treatment with calcium dibulyryladenosine eyclophosphate at the concentration of 0.1 mmol/L. Conclusion The comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, based upon the combination of regulatory sequence prediction of promoter, similarity analysis of gene expression profiling and literature review, can be considered as a practical tool in screening the candidate drugs with the activity of targeted regulating functional genes. Calcium dibutyryladenosine cyclophosphate can induce ID4 gene expression in leukemic cells.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of sodium ferulate (SF) on reversing erectile dysfunction in diabetes mellitus (DM) rats. Methods Forty-four male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were induced for diabetes by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Then the successful models were randomly divided into DM+SF group and DM group(22 rats each respectively). The rats in DM+SF group were treated with sodium ferulate (100 mg·kg-1·d-1) through a daily gastric lavage. At Week 12, the erectile function of all rats was evaluated and serum samples were harvested. The SOD, CAT, NOS, MDA and NO levels in corpus cavernosum and serum were all measured. The pathologic change in penile cavernous body was observed microscopically. Results. The diabetic rat models were successfully established. The erectile function was much better in normal control group and DM+SF group than that in DM group. And the penile erection rates in three groups were 100%, 66% and 22% respectively. The activity levels of SOD, CAT and NOS were markedly decreased in DM group as compared to those in normal control group and DM+SF group (P<0.01). The NO content was approximately equal in normal control group and DM+SF group(112+28)nmol/ml vs(137±25)nmol/ml. But both were much higher than that in DM group(56±10) nmol/ml, both P<0.01. The MDA content was markedly increased in DM group as compared to those in normal control group and DM+SF group (both P<0.01). Microscopically, muscle fibers in penile cavernous body arranged disorderly, muscular mantle damaged and desmoplasia scattered among muscle fibers in DM group. Conclusion Sodium ferulate may play interventional roles in reversing diabetic erectile dysfunction through metabolic regulation of free radicals, antagonism of oxidative insults and enhancement of NO production.

Objective To investigate whether the mutation in dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) affects melanosome maturation and anti-oxidative potential in cultured melanocytes (MCs). Methods Slaty and melan-a MCs were derived from the skins of neonatal DctSlt and C57 BI/6J mice respectively. Their detailed melanosome structures were examined with a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their eu-melanin granules characterized by Fontana-Masson staining. Furthermore, the tyrosinase activity and three melanogenic proteins, I.e. , tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 and Dct, were also measured with a spectrophotometery method or Western blot assay. The level of intraceilular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was monitored by 2, 7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) labeling. Results Mature stage Ⅳ melanosomes markedly decreased in slaty MCs under TEM. The brownish granules stained with Fontana-Masson silver method were far less in slaty MCs than in melan-a MCs. The cell pellet of slaty MCs was white in color, but the similarities between slaty and melan-a were found in tyrosinase activity and its protein expression. The relative intensity of DCF fluorescence was 8.9±0.7 for slaty melanocytes versus 8.9±2.5 for melan-a melanocytes prior to UVA irradiation, but an abrupt ROS production was merely observed in slaty MCs (18.0±0.3) other than in melan-a MCs (13.6±0.3) after UVA exposure. There was statistical difference between these two cell lines in ROS level upon UVA irradiation (P=0.024). Conclusion The mutation in Det causes hypo-pigmented phenotype in cultured slaty MCs, inhibits melanosome maturation and decreases anti-oxidative capacity especially in the presence of UVA-induced oxidative stress.

Objective To explore the feasibility of oral immune tolerance of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)-like model induced by nucleosomal Th cell epitope via the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. Methods SLE-like murine model was established by immunization with apoptotic syngeneic lymphocytes. The recombinant strains were orally administrated to induce immune tolerance. The levels of serum autoantibodies, such as anti-ANA, ds-DNA, and antinucleosome antibody, leukopenia, proteinuria and kidney injuries were evaluated. Results SLE-like murine model was successfully established. Compared with controls, it was shown that CTLA4-Ig-H2B group could dramatically reduce the levels of serum autoantibodies, such as anti-ANA, ds-DNA and antinucleoseme antibody and ameliorate leukopenia and proteinuria (all P<0.05). Immune complex deposits of IgG in glomeruli were lower in CTLA4-Ig-H2B (1.35±0.16) than in CTLA4-Ig (1.66±0.23) and H2B (1.69±0.24) (both P<0.05). The score of glomeruli lesion of CTLA4-1g-tt2B(1.26±0.14) was significantly lower than those of CTLA4-Ig(1.73± 0.25)and H2B(1.71±0.20)(both P<0.05). Conclusion Combined with CTLA4-Ig, it is feasible to induce oral immune tolerance of SLE models with nucleosomal Th cell epitope via the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. This may provide a novel way to prevent and treat SLE by oral immune tolerance.

Objective To assess the feasibility of evaluating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse with targeted myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE). Methods Phospholipid microbubbles targeted to P-selectin (MBp) and control microbubbles (MBc) were created by conjugating monoclonal antibody against murine P-selectin or isotype control antibody with the lipid shell via "avidin-biotin" bridging. Ten mice with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion were injected intravenously of MBp and MBc in a random order with a 30 min interval. After 5 min of intravenous injection of microbubble, targeted MCE imaging was performed in all mice. And then the video intensity (Ⅵ) was determined. Results A significant ultrasonic enhancement was observed in ischemic region of MBp-group. Increment in Ⅵ value of ischemic region in MBp-group was great and it amounted to (26.0±6.2)U. However, increment in Ⅵ value of ischemic region in MBc-group was minor and it was merely (9.1±0.9)U. Difference was evident in ischemic region between of two groups (P<0.05). In both MBp-group and M Bc-group, the Ⅵ value of ischemic region was significantly greater than that of non-ischemic region (6.5±1.0 ) U vs (6.4±0.8) U (P<0.05). There was no obvious difference in the Ⅵ of non-ischemic region between two groups. Conclusion Molecular imaging of P-selectin with targeted contrast echocardiogTaphy can effectively evaluate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism of allogeneic CD8+T cell-induced apoptoais of vascular endothelial cells. Methods Allogeneic CD8+ T cells were isolated from PBMC by positive selection using magnetic beads coated with anti-CD8 antibody. Apoptoais of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) were detected by Annexin V-FITC labeling. Gene and protein expression of proteinase-aetivated receptor-1 (PAR-1) in vascular endothelial cells were tested by RT-PCR and Western blot. Western blotting was also used to detect the change of MAPK and Caspase-3 expression in vascular endothelial cells. The effects of SFLLRN (PAR-1 agonist), ATAP2 (PAR-1 antibody), SB203580 (inhibitor of p38MAPK), SP600125 (inhibitor of JNK) upon apoptosis were also examined. Results After co-culturing with allogeneic CD8+ T cells for 24 h and 48 h, the apoptotic rates of HUVEC were 51.7%± 4.1% and 29.4%±3.3% respectively (P<0.01, vs untreated HUVEC) and those of HDMECs 28.9%±2.2% and 15.2%+1.8% respectively (P<0.01, vs untreated HDMEC). The effect of PAR-1 agonist upon apoptosis of HUVEC and HDMEC similar to that of allogeneic CD8+T cells. These effects were largely prevented by ATAP2 and SB203580 (P<0.05). Allogeneic CD8+ T cells and PAR-1 agonist enhanced the cleavage of Caspase-3 and led to p38MAPK phosphorylation. Conclusion Allageneic CD8+ T cells induced the apoptoais of vascular endothelial cells through PAR-1 dependent modulation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway via the cleavage of Caspase-3 and the phosphorylation of p38MAPK.

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is one of the main acute infectious diseases in infants and children in summer and autumn. The disease is characterized by oral mucosal rash, skin ulcer and herpes of hands and feet. It has the characteristics of spreading quickly and strong epidemic, and can cause large-scale epidemic in a short time [1-2].

Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor with the highest incidence rate in men in Europe and America, and its mortality rate is second only to lung cancer. In recent years, with the prolongation of the average life expectancy of our population and the gradual westernization of life, the incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing continuously. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of diagnosis technology, more and more prostate cancer patients have been diagnosed and treated early, so more and more patients with early prostate pain have undergone radical surgery for prostate cancer.

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is also called heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction preservation (HF-PEF). No matter how it is named, there is still little recognition and attention to this type of heart failure (HF).

In the late 1990s, multiple strains and subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) of three-source reassortment type A (H1) swine influenza virus containing avian, human, and swine influenza virus genes emerged and dominated in North American swine herds.

In recent years, the research on brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been increasingly deep, and its value in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure (HF) has been widely recognized.

On April 15 and 17, 2009, two cases of human infection with swine influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) were confirmed by the CDC in the United States. There was no epidemiological correlation between these two cases, but the pathogens had the same genomic characteristics, which were different from the novel human or swine influenza A virus found in the past. As of May 5, the cases of infection with this novel virus were found in Mexico, Canada and other countries and regions, while the number of confirmed cases in the United States reached 642, distributed in 41 states.

A 47-year-old male underwent renal transplantation in July 2007. After the operation, he had been treated with standardized anti-rejection therapy, and his condition was stable. On January 10, 2008, he developed paroxysmal chest pain with fatigue, anorexia and low fever without obvious trigger. Chest CT examination in the local hospital showed shadow in the right upper lung. He was treated with antibiotics, but his body temperature increased progressively, up to 39.5℃.

From 1998 to 2008 (up to August 2008), China's scientific and technological personnel published 570,000 papers, ranking fifth in the world; It has been cited 2.65 million times, ranking 10th in the world.In terms of the number of published papers, China is a country with high production of scientific papers, but the number of citations is not ideal. Since 2003, CAST has held an annual selection activity for outstanding academic papers in scientific journals [1], and began to pay attention to encouraging outstanding single scientific research papers with high citation frequency.