Volume 88  ·   Issue 37  ·  2008

The popularization and application of molecular biology knowledge and technology has promoted the rapid development of modern medicine, especially the rapid changes to clinical practice. In the past five years, the theory and technology of molecular biology have entered the mainstream medicine of clinical diagnosis and treatment. molecular medicine, an important field of modern medical research, is being formed by making full use of the theory and means of molecular biology and digital information science to study the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention methods of human diseases. Some scientists in the world have predicted that the future medicine will be molecular medicine, and gene therapy and other molecular therapies will take the lead [1].

Objective To establish an in vitro model of natural degeneration of lumbar endplatechondrocytes and explore the role and the expression change of Sox9 gene, an important gene in thedifferentiation and maturation of chondrocyte, in the process of natural degeneration of endplatechondrocytes. Methods The lumbar vertebrae of 35 SD rats were taken out to obtain the endplates.Endplate chondrocytes were isolated by enzyme digestion and cultured so as to establish an in vitro naturaldegeneration model of chondrocytes. The morphological appearances and biological characteristics of thechondrocytes of different generations were observed by HE staining, immunocytochemical staining andtoluidine blue et cetera; RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of Sex9 gene and type Ⅱ collagenin differential generations. Results The lumbar cartilaginous endplate chondrocytes of rat expressedcollagen Ⅱ, and it's phenotype and biological characteristics were similar to those of articular cartilage cells.When the cells were passaged to the forth or fifth generations they were fusiform and their proliferative speeddecreased. Compared with the primary generation chondrocytes, the expression of Sox9 mRNA in the forthand fifth generation chondrocytes was markedly decreased (P < 0.05). And the mRNA expression level oftype Ⅱ collagen, regulated by Sox9 gene, decreased too (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of Sox9 waspositively correlated with the mRNA expression of type Ⅱ collagen (r = 0.912, P < 0.05). Conclusion Amodel of natural degeneration of lumbar endplate chondrocytes has been established successfully, thusproviding a good cytological basis for the study of degeneration of lumbar endplate. Sox9 gene may play a rolein the process of natural degeneration of endplate chondrocytes.

Objective To investigate the potential of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to suppress the adipogenic effect of alcohol on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (hBMSCs) and increase osteogenesis. MethodshBMSCs collected from joint replacement surgery were cultured, passaged, and transfected with PPARγ-siRNA by using liposomal-based strategy. Then the cells were maintained in culture and treated with alcohol50 mmol/L and dexamethasone, an osteogeneic inducer, for 24 days. Oil red O staining was used to observethe fat drops in the cells so as to count the number of adipocytes. Histochemistry was performed to detect theprotein expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcium, and type 1 collagen on days 24 and 28 aftertreatment. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression ofosteoblast-specific transcription factor-2 (Osf2)/core-binding factor alpha subunit 1 (Cbfal) on day 10.Results The adipocyte number of the PPARγ-siRNA group was significantly lower than those of the alcohol-induced group and the controls (adipogenic group, liposomal group, and negative siRNA group) (all P <0.05). The Calcium nodule formation rate of the PPARγ-siRNA group was significantly higher than alcohol-induced group and the controls (adipogenic group, liposomal group, and negative siRNA group) (all P <0.05). PCR and Western blotting showed significantly higher mRNA and protein expression of the humanadipocyte-specific markers: Cbfal, ALP, type 1 collagen, and osteocalcin, than the other groups.Conclusion The adipogenic effect of alcohol on hBMSCs can be inhibited with a concomitant increase inosteogenesis by using siRNA technique to specific targeted human PPAR'y gene in vitro cell culture systems.PPARγ-siRNA strategy may be a useful tool for studying the mechanisms of alcohol-induced oteoporosis andprovides theoretical basis for its genetic therapy.

Objective To investigate the association of polymorphisms of PAX1 gene with congenital scoliosis (CS) in Chinese Han population and the relationship between the PAX1 gene polymorphisms and the clinical phenotypes of CS. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 127 CS patients, 55 male and 72 female, aged (12.9 ±4.3) (2 - 23), and 127 sex- and age-matched controls. Based on genotype data from the International HapMap project, the tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) were selected using Haploview 4.0 software. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was analyzed both in the control and case groups. The ease group was classified into different clinical phenotypes according to vertebral defect type, location of deformity, extent of developmental disruption, combined rib malformations, and neural canal deformity. Genotying of all selected SNPs was done by SNPstream technology. The association between phenotypes and SNP was analyzed. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium was calculated in the control population using Haploview 4.0 software. Results The sites: SNP1 (rs17861031) and SNP2(rs6047590), of PAX1 gene were genotyped and beth polymorphisms were distributed in line with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in these 2 groups. There was no linkage disequilibrium between these 2 SNPs. The genotype frequencies of SNP1AA, SNP1AG, SNP1GG, SNP2AA, SNP2AT, and SNP2TT of the case group were 2%, 26%, 72%, 2%, 19%, and 80% respectively, all not significantly different from those of the control group (2%, 26%, 72%, 2%, 26%, and 82% respectively, all P >0.05). The allele frequencies of SNP1A, SNP1G, SNP2A, and SNP2T of the case group were 15%, 85%, 11%, and 89% respectively, all not significantly different from those of the control group (15%, 85%, 10%, and 90% respectively, all P > 0.05). No positive sites were found in different clinical penotypes. Conclusion The genetic variants of PAX1 gene may not be associated with the susceptibility to CS and different clinical phenotypes of CS in Chinese Han population.

Objective To investigate the expression of lectin-liked oxidized low density lipoproteinreceptor-1 (LOX-1) and apeptosis associated genes: caspas-3, Bax, and Bcl-2, in placenta and therelationship thereof with the morbility of early-onset preeelampsia. Methods 30 placentas of normalpregnant women at the 21 + 1 to 32 weeks gestation, 30 patients with early-onset preeclampsia at the 21 + 1to 32 weeks gestation, 30 normal pregnant women at the 32 + weeks gestation to full term, and 30 patientswith late-onset proclampsia at the 32 + weeks gestation to full term. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, andWestern-blotting were used to detect the expression of LOX-1, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 in the placenta.Results The LOX-1 protein expression levels (grey levels) in the placenta tissues at 20W+1 -24W,24W+1 -28W, and 28W+1 -32W gestation of the early-onset preeclampsia were 27.6 ± 1.3, 29.4 ± 1.4,and 32.3 ± 1.6 respectively, all significantly higher than those of the normal pregnant women (11.2 ± 0.6,18.7±1.0, and 25.5 ± 1.6 respectively, all P <0.05). The LOX-1 protein levels at the 32W+1 -36Wand 36W+1 -40W gestation of the late-onset preeclampsia patients were : 29.3 ± 1.5 and 32.3 ± 1.3respectively, not significantly different from those of the normal pregnant women (28.1±1.8 and 31.3 ±1.6 respectively, both P >0.05). The caspase-3 protein level Caspase-3 protein at 20W+1 -24W, 24W+1-28W, and 28W+1 -32W gestation of the early-onset preeclampsia patients were 17.4±0.9, 23.2±1.1,and 28.4 ± 0.8 respectively, all significantly higher than those of the normal pregnant women (8.5 ± 1.0,11.3 ± 1.1, and 14.4 ± 1.2 respectively, all P <0.05). The caspase-3 protein levels at 32W+1 -36W and36W+1- 40W gestation of the late-onset preeclampsia patients were 29.3 ± 0.5 and 33.3 ± 1.1respectively, all significantly higher than those of the normal pregnant women (22.4 ± 1.5 and 27.2 ± 1.3respectively, both P < 0.05). The Bax mRNA expression and protein expression of the early-onsetpreeclampsia patients were higher than those of the normal pregnant women, and the Bcl-2 mRNA expressionand protein expression of the early-onset preeclampsia patients were lower than those of the normal pregnantwomen. The Bax mRNA expression and protein expression of the late-onset preeclampsia patients were stillhigher than those of the normal pregnant women; however, the Bcl-2 mRNA expression and proteinexpression of the late-onset preeclampsia patients were not significantly different from those of the normalpregnant women. Conclusion LOX-1 may be concerned with the pathogenesis of early onset ofpreeclampsia.

Objective To study the influence of preoperative chemoradiotherapy, preoperativechemotherapy, and operation alone on the cellular immunity in patients with middle or lower rectal cancer.Methods Ninety middle or lower rectal cancer patients were non-randomly divided into 3 equal groups:preoperative radiotherapy group, receiving conventional radiotherapy with a total dose of 30 Gy in 10 fractionscompleted within 2 weeks; preoperative chemoradiotherapy group, receiving 2 cycles of single-oral drugregimen (capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 for 2 weeks as a cycle with an interval of 1 week) and then, i. e. , 2days later, receiving conventional radiotherapy as prescribed for the patients in the preoperative radiotherapygroup; and operation alone group. Operation was performed on the patients of the former 2 groups 3 weeksafter the completion of the relevant treatment. Blood samples were collected on the admission day, 1 daybefore operation, and 7 day and 1 month after operation. Flow cytometry was used to detect the levels ofCD3+, CD2+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+, and NK cells. Results There were no significant differences in the levelsof CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ , and NK cells before and after radiotherapy between the preoperativechemoradiotherapy group and preoperative chemotherapy group (all P > 0.05). 7 days after operation , thelevels of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and NK cells were degraded and the CD8+ level was increasedsignificantly(all P <0.05)in all 3 groups. One month after operation , the levels of CD3+ , CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ , and NK cells were all significantly higher and the CD8+ level was significantly lower than those beforeoperation and 7 days after operation(all P < 0.05) in all 3 groups. There were no significant differences inthe T cell number and the proportions of different categories of cells at different time points in these 3 group(all P < 0.05). Conclusion Preoperative chemoradiotherapy and preoperative chemotherapy have nosignificant impact on the cellular immune function in the patients with rectal cancer.

Objective To assess the regional cerebral glucose utilization and the imagingcharacteristic of Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positronemission tomography (PET). Methods Questionnaire survey, mini-mental state examination (MMSE),physical examination, and FDG PET on brain at rest state were performed on 20 patients with PDD, 13males and 7 females, aged (70±6), and sex- and age-matched 8 patients with non-demented PD, and 30healthy parsons. Visual inspection and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) were used to investigate theregional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRgle) and the distribution of the tracer. Results TheMMSR score of the PDD group was (27.5 ± 2.4), (10 - 24), significantly lower than those of the non-PDDgroup [(27.5±2.4) (22-30)] and control group [(27.9±2.2) (21 -30)] (F =60.31 ,P =0.000).There were no significant differences in Hoehn-Yahr staging and disease courses between the two PD groups(P > 0.05). Visual inspection showed that there were no significant focal hypometabolic areas in theimaging of the non-demented PD patients, while compared to the controls, the rCMRgle levels of the PDDpatients decreased in bilateral superior parietal lobules (BA 7), inferior parietal lobules (BA 40,39), superiorfrontal gyri(BA 6), middle frontal gyri (BA 6,8,9), middle temporal gyri (BA 21), cuneate lobes (BA 17,18,19), cingulate cortices (BA 31), lingual gyri (BA 19) basal ganglia, and thalamus. According to theseverity of memory impairment and the onset of hallucination, the subtype of PDD was classified into memoryimpairment dominant group (MD) and hallucination dominant group (HD). The rCMRglc of MD subgroupdecreased significantly in the parietotemporal association cortex, especially in the precunens lobe. TherCMRglc of the HD subgroup decreased significantly in the occipital cortex. There were no significantdifferences in MMSE score and Hoehn-Yahr staging between the MD and HD groups(beth P >0.05), whilethe age of the HD subgroup was significantly lower, and the disease duration of the HD subgroup wassignificantly longer than those toe MD group (beth P < 0.05). Conclusions 18F-FDG/PET imaging ishelpful to the diagnosis of PDD and may help investigate the potential pathophysiology of PDD.

Objective Poor compliance with evidence-based-medicine guidelines could significantlyinfluence the effect of stroke prevention strategies. The objectives of this survey are to investigate the currentstatus in Beijing of cerebral infarction/TIA(transient ischemic attack) inpatients' adherence to the evidence-based- medicine secondary prevention and behavior modifications both at the discharge and at 90-day followup. Methods The survey included cerebral infarction/ TIA patients successively admitted from 1, Oct2006 to 1, May 2007, used ACEI/ARB, Statin, anti-platelet agents therapy, accepted carotid endarterctomyor angioplasty or stentt, and modified behaviors to stop smoking and control weight. Data of patients duringhospitalization were obtained from the medical documents in the inpatient department of 7 centers. Thedetailed information included the medicine therapy, lifestyle modifications, patients' social demographicbackground (age, sex, education and way of payment), major risk factors for stroke, and ischemic eventsubtypes (TLA or cerebral infarction). Above information of part of patients were collected through telephoneinterview at 90- day follow-up if the patients were not able to visit the clinic. Results 708 cerebralinfarction/TIA inpatients who didn't have contraindicatious were included. Among them, the patents whohaven't used anti-platelet agents, nor taken statin, nor accepted ACEI/ARB were about 0.4%, 41.8% and63.6% respectively. Neither 27% of the patients have accepted the instructions on stop smoking. Whileabout 588 patients suitable to drug therapy were followed up at 90 days, but the percentage of these patientswho haven't compliance on anti-platelet agents, statin, ACEI/ARB was 26.9%, 52.6% and 59.4%respectively. Only 66.9% of the smoking patients have received the doctor instructions on smokingcessation. Conclusion Stroke recurrence rate in China is higher than that of average figures in westerncountries. One of the key reasons of high recurrence of stroke in China is the poor adherence to strokesecondary prevention guidelines. Thus, investigate current status of secondary prevention among hospitals incapital of China and promote strategies to enhance the adherence to the guidelines and fill the gap betweenthe clinical practice and evidence-based medicine in China, which is able to lower the stroke recurrence andsave byes are urgently needed. Physician should take great care of the patient's compliances on theevidenced-based- medicine secondary prevents and behavior modifications, and take effective measures toimprove the compliances.

Objective To compare the anesthesia efficacy, hemodynamics, recovery of passage ofgas by anus and bladder function in elderly patients with operation of intertrochanteric femoral fracture withepidural or lumbar plexus block. Methods Sixty patients with intertrochanteric femoral fracture, aged 65-97, were randomly divided into 3 equal groups : lumbar plexus group ( Group A, undergoing posterior lumbarplexus block) and epidural group (Group B, undergoing epidural block at L1.2 interspace). The block onsettime, anesthesia efficacy, transfusion amount during operation, blood pressure and heart rate change 1 hafter anesthesia, and recovery after anesthesia were observed. Results The block onset time on femoralnerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, obturator nerve, and saphenous nerve of Group A were (2.7±2.0)rain, (3.1±3.4) min, (3.5±3.3) min, and (3.7±3.1) min respectively, all significantly shorter thanthose of Group B [(13.5±2.1) min, (13.5±2.1) min, (13.5±2.1) min, and (13.5±2.1) minrespectively, all P <0.01]. The duration of postoperative analgesia of Group A was (420±152) min,significantly longer than that of Group B [(2.04±44) min, P < 0.05]. There were no significant differencesin the change of blood pressure and heart rate between these 2 groups. The blood pressure decreasedsignificantly 10- 60 min after anesthesia in Group B, and remained stable in Group A. The transfusionamount of Group A was (773 ± 353) ml, significantly fewer than that in Group B [(1483 ± 444) ml, P <0.01]. Passage of gas by anus started(1.1 ± 0.6) h after operation in Group A, a time significantly shorterthan that in Group B (5.9±1.2) h, P <0.01). Urinary retention was seen in 8 patients of Group B,however, no patient in Group A showed incidence of urinary retention (P <0.01). Forty-eight patients, 20in Group A and 28 in Group B got excellent anesthesia effect, and 12 of them, 10 in Group A and 2 inGroup B, got relatively good anesthesia (P < 0.05). Conclusion Both lumbar plexus block and epiduralblock provide satisfactory anesthetic efficacy for operation of intertrochanteric femoral fracture in elderlypatients. Epidural block provide better efficacy, and lumbar plexus block shows faster recovery of digestivesystem and urinary system after operation.

Objective To explore the mechanism of endotoxin tolerance(ETT) through observingthe gene expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in the livers of ETT rats. Methods SD male rats were dividedrandomly into acute liver failure model group( ALF group) and ETT group. LPS 0.1 mg/kg( ETT group) ornormal saline (ALF group)was administered five consecutive intraperitoneal injections at 24 h intervals,then, the two groups were treated with intraperitoneal injection of D-GaIN 800 mg/Kg and LPS 8 μg/rat 24 hlater. Liver histopathology and fine structure of rats were observed by HE staining and electronmicroscope. The TNF-α level were estimated by ELISA, the concentrations of endotoxin were determined bytachypleus amebocyte lysate and the gene expressions of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in the liver were measured byRT-PCR at 0,2, 6 , 12 ,24 and 48 h after the injection of D-GalN/LPS. Results D-GaIN/LPS inducedacute liver injury was attenuated significantly in ETr group. The concentrations of endotoxin and the TNF-αlevel were evidently lower in the ETT group than those in the ALF group (endotoxin : 6 h: 1.11±0.38 vs0.74±0.22,24 h: 1.12±0.24vs0.86±0.21 ,all P <0. 05,12 h:1.88±0.35vs 0.62±0.16,48 h: 1.10±0.13vs0.84±0.19, all P < 0.01;TNF-α:6 h:86.9±12.6 vs70.0±12.8, P <0.05, 12 h:77.0±18.1vs48.8±12.8,24h:63.8±9.2vs39.1±5.7,48 h:53.2±8.3vs38.2±9.9,allP<0.01). In theALF group, the expressions of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 were obviously higher than those in the controls andreached peak at 12th hours and 6th hours respectively. The gene expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in the liverin ETT group were increased significantly and much higher than those in ALF groups. (SOCS1 :6 h :0.955±0.186 vs 1.349 ± 0.390,48 h : 0.766 ± 0.145 vs 0.970 ± 0.205, all P < 0.05,2 h: : 0.554 ± 0.164 vs0.841±0.175,12 h:0.130±0.181 vs 1.888 ± 0.573,24 h:0.990±0.212 vs 1.550±0.439,all P<0.01 ; SOCS3:6 h :0.914 ± 0.054 vs 1.039 ± 0.109,12 h :0.781 ± 0.044 vs 0.863 ± 0.063, all P < 0.05,2 h :0.681 ± 0.139 vs 0.898 ± 0.058,24 h :0.700 ± 0.065 vs 0.811 ± 0.055, all P < 0.01). ConclusionsLPS pretreatment can induce endotoxin tolerance of rats, inhibited the level of TNF-α and endotoxin. Theup- regulation of SOCS1 and SOCS3 gene expression may be one of the possible mechanisms responsible forendotoxin tolerance.

Objective To establish a sprouting embryoid body model mimicking early embryonicvasculogenesis in human embryo. Methods Human embryonic stem were (hESCs) were cultured on themouse embryo fibloblasts and then were induced to differentiate to form three-dimensional EB. The hEBswere cultured in media containing various angiogenesis-related factors: vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), endostatin, angiostatin, and platelet factor (PF) -4 of differentconcentrations for 3 days to observe the sprouting of the hEBs. 3,3,3', 3'-tetramethylindo-carbocyanineperchlorate labeled acetylated low density lipoprotein (Dil-AcLDL) was added onto the hEBs foe 4 hImmunofluorescence assay was used to observe if Dil-AcLDL was absorbed and if CD31 was expressed so asto determine the existence of embryonic endothelial cells in the sprouting structures. The ideal culturingcondition was analyzed. Results The differentiated EBs formed sprouting structures in the collagen Ⅰmatrix containing VEGF and FGF. The sprouts among individual EBs were able to link to each other andform vascular network-like structures. In the presence of VEGF and FGF, the sprouts branching from theEBs assimilated DiI-AcLDL, expressed CD31 and formed a 3-dimensional cylindrical organization. Theconcentrations of growth factors ideally stimulating sprouting growth were 100 ng/ml of VEGF and 50 ng/mlof FGF. The networks among the EBs were abolished by the angiostatin, endostatin, and PF4. ConclusionThe sprouting from hEBs accumulates embryonic endothelial cells and the sprouting network-like structuresare indeed endothelial in nature. Inducing of sprouting EBs is an ideal model that mimics early embryonicvasculogenesis in humans.

Objective To investigate the effects of dihydroartiminisin (DHA) on the adhesion,migration, and invasion ovarian cancer cells. Methods Human ovarian cancer cells of the lines SKOV3and OVCAR3 were cultured. Suspensions of SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells were treated with DHA of theconcentrations of 0.5,2.5,12.5, and 62.5 μmol/L respectively, and then inoculated on the plate coatedwith Matrigel. MTr method was used to -determine the adhesion rate. Transwell membrane chamber modelwas used to evaluate the effect of DHA on the migration and invasion of the SKOV3 and OVCAR3cells.Western blotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the effect of DHA onthe phospberalytion of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and on the effect of expression of metal matrixproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) respectively. Results (1) Compared to the cellswithout DHA treatment, the cell adhesion ability levels of the SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells treated with 12.5μmol/L DHA decreased by 76.1% and 57.9% respectively (P <0. 05), while their migration ability levelsdecreased by 59.3% and 69.7% respectively (P < 0.05). (2) Both SKOV3 and OVCAR3 showed weakinvasion ability, and DHA only showed a slight inhibitory effect on the cell invasion of these 2 lines (bethP > 0.05). (3) Compared to the cells without DHA treatment, the phosphorylation level of FAK of theSKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells treated with 12.5 μmol/L DHA decreased by 42.9% and 44.8% respectively(both P < 0.05). (4) RT-PCR showed mRNA expression of MMP2, TIMP1, and TIMP2, but not mRNAexpression of MMP9 in both SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. The mRNA expression levels of the SKOV3 andOVCAR3 cells treated with 12.5 μmol/L DHA increased by 1.5 and 2.6 times respectively (both P <0.05). Conclusion DHA has inhibitory effects on the adhesion and migration of epithelial ovarian cancercells, which may be related to its down-regulation of the phosphorylation of FAK in these cells.

Objective To detect DNA copy number abnormality and LOH and explore the profile ofchromosomal imbalances in esophageal atypical hyperplasia and early stage esophageal squamous cellcarcinoma using SNP array. Methods The DNA copy number abnormality and LOH in pathological changeesophageal tissue and matched normal esophageal tissue of one case of primary esophageal high atypicalhyperplasia and four cases of primary early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were detected by usingAffymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 250K NspArray. Results Amplification was found in a few DNAfragment and no deletion or LOH was found in esophageal high atypical hyperplasia. In early stageesophageal squamous cell carcinoma , DNA amplification occurred in 1p, 1q, 2p, 2q, 3q, 4q, 5p, 6p,6q, 7q, 8q, 11p,11q, 12p, 12q, 14q, 17q, 18p, 19q, 20q, 22q and X chromosome. DNA deletionoccurred in 1p, 2q, 3p, 3q, 4p, 4q, 8p, 9p, 9q, 10q, 11p, 13q, 16p, 18q, 19p, 19q and 22qchromosome. LOH occurred in 3q and 9q chromosome. The amplification in 1p, 19q, 4q, 11p chromosomeand the deletion in 3q, 11p, 2q, 16p chromosome were rarely reported. Conclusion DNA abnormality wasrare in esophageal high atypical hyperplasia. The obvious amplification and deletion in DNA have been foundin early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, but LOH was rarely found. 250K SNP array couldeffectively detect DNA copy number change and LOH in whole-wide genes in esophageal atypical hyperplasiaand early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with high distinguishability and precise location. Theresults would provide important academic information for detection and location of related genes in early stageesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be caused by lung lesions, such as severe lung contusion, aspiration of stomach contents, pulmonary fat embolism, etc. It can also be caused by extrapulmonary factors, such as acute pancreatitis, crush syndrome, severe infection, shock, etc. Patients with polytrauma complicated with ARDS are often in severe, complicated condition and difficult to treat. We will discuss the data of polytrauma complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

The perineum is a part of the trunk, located at the bottom of the pelvic diaphragm. Clinically, the female perineum is usually a soft tissue located between the vaginal opening and the anus. The perineum is composed of skin and the perineal body (i.e. the central perineal tendon). The perineal body is a wedge-shaped fibromuscular tissue that gradually narrows from outside to inside. Shafik et al. [1] studied 46 adult cadavers (26 males and 17 females) in Egypt and found that the average length of the adult perineal body was (2.3 ± 0.7) cm, ranging from 1.8 to 3.3 cm; The average width was (2.1±0.6) cm, ranging from 1.5 to 3.2 cm; The mean thickness was (0.9 ± 0.1) cm, ranging from 0.7 to 1.2 cm.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases, and its incidence is increasing year by year. Medical researchers have been trying to find more effective methods to prevent diabetes.

A 32-year-old male underwent chest X-ray in 2004 due to cough and asthma, which showed "the texture of both lungs increased, and irregular flocculent shadows in the upper field of the right lung and the middle and lower fields of both lungs" (Figure 1); Chest CT showed "the density of both lungs was uniformly increased, and sheet-like arc-shaped frosted glass-like changes were visible along the chest wall, some of which showed map-like changes" (Figure 2), and the diagnosis was alveolar proteinosis (PAP). In October 2007, he developed a paroxysmal exacerbation of headache, accompanied by nausea, vomiting and right limb weakness, without fever. Physical examination: right limb muscle strength grade IV, negative pathological sign, positive meningeal irritation sign.