Volume 88  ·   Issue 10  ·  2008

Although the incidence of prostate cancer is relatively low in China, it has been increasing year by year in recent years, and it is expected that it may become the first malignant tumor in men in the near future. There are many treatment methods for prostate cancer, including endocrine therapy, radical surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, local cryotherapy and high energy focused ultrasound.

So far, two consensus opinions on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori for short) have been issued in China. The first one was put forward at the Sanya Conference in Hainan in 1999<Consensus Opinions on Some Issues of Helicobacter Pylori Infection>- -Hainan Consensus, published in 2000; The second time was put forward at the Tongcheng Conference in Anhui Province in 2003<Consensus Opinion on Helicobacter Pylori (2003 · Tongcheng, Anhui)>- -Tongcheng Consensus, published in 2004.

Objective To investigate the frequencies and types of fusions between the transmembrane protease serine 2(TMPRSs2),ETS-related gene(ERG),ETS variant-1(ETV1),and ETS variant-4(ETV4)genes in prostate cancer(Pca)and significance thereof.Methods Biopsy samples of prostate were obtained under transrectal ultrasound(TRUS)from 32 Pca patients,aged(74 ± 8)and 34 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia(BPH).Nested RT-PCR and direct DNA sequencing were used to detect the fusion genes of TMPRSS2/ERG,TMPRSS2/ETV1,and TMPRSS2/ETV4.The association between the fusion-positive tumor rate and Gleason grading was analyzed.Results Of the 32 Pca patients,TMPRSS2/ERG fusion was detected in 17 cases(53.1%),including 5 variant fusion transcrips one of which was newly discovered with the GenBank accession number of EU090248.TMPRSS2/ETV1 fusion was detected in only 2 cases(6.3%),including one newly discovered variant fusion transcrips with the GenBank accession number of EU090249.TMPRSS2/ETW fusion was not detected.The positive rates of TMPRSS2/ERG and TMPRSS2/ETV1 fusions showed no statistical association with the Gleason grade(P=0.169).No fusion between the TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes was detected in the 34 BPH samples. Conclusion TMPRSS2/ERG and TMPRS22/ETV1 fusion genes with different subtypes exist in the tissues of Pca.TMPRSS2/ERG and TMPRSS2/ETV1 fusion genes may be used as diagnostic tools for Pca.

Objective To assess the quality of life of patients with advanced prostate cancer in China and compare the influences of different stage and different forms of therapy. Methods A corresponce questionnaire survey, using the Chinese version of functional assessment of cancer therapy-prostate(FACTP)including 47 questions concerning physical well-being, social/family well-being, relationship with doctor, life quality, and prostate cancer-specific(PCS)life quality,among 45 patients with advanced prostate cancer,aged 68.7(45-89),who had been hospitalized and underwent endocrine therapy(ET,n=27),radical prostatectomy and ET(10),ET and external radiation therapy(n=6),or ET and other drug therapy(n=2).The quality of life was investigated and the influences of canser staging and treatment methods on the quality of life were anzlyzed. Results Most patients did not have obvious bothering feelings. Most patients and their families accepted the status of illness and got support from others.91.7% of the patients trusted and relied on their doctors.39.6% of the patients were able to work and fulfill their work.60.4% of the patients were content with the qualitv of their life.95.8% of them had not been sexually active in the past year. The scores in physical well-being,social/family well-being,life quality,and PCS life quality of the patients in T3 stage were all significant higher than those of the patients in T4 stage(all P＜0.05).However, there were no difference in functional assessment of cancer therapy-general(FACTG)and PCS life quality among the 3 different treatments(all P＞0.05).Conclusion The physical wellbeing and life quality of the patients with prostate cancer at the T3 stage are significantly better than those of the patients at L4 stage. Different forms of therapy have equal influence on the FACT-G and PCS.

Objective To study the effects of idarubicin(IDA)combined with 3,3-diindolylmethane(DIM)on the growth inhibition of human prostate cancer cells. Methods Human prostate cancer cells of the line PC-3M were cultured and then divided into the following groups: control group with solvent added into the culture fluid: IDA groups, with IDA of the terminal concentrations of 0.5,1 or 5 mg/L added into the culture fluid; DIM groups, with DIM of the terminal concentrations of 30,60 or 100 μmol/L added into the culture fluid; and DIM+IDA groups, with 0.5 mg/L IDA and DIM 30,60 or 100 μmol/L added into the culture fluid.48 h later the cell growth inhibition rate was detected by MTT assay. Flow cytometry and acridine orange staining were used to detect the cell cycle and apoptosis. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of caspase 9,an apoptosis gene. Results Both IDA and DIM dose-dependently inhibited the growth of the PC-3M cells. The growth inhibition rate of the 60 μmol/L DIM+0.5 mg/L IDA group was 69.9%,almost 10 times as that of the 0.5 mg/L IDA group. The apoptosis rate of the 60 μmol/L DIM+0.5 mg/L IDA group was 47.0%,significantly higher than that of the 0.5 mg/L IDA group(3.2%,P＜0.05).RT-PCR and Western blotting showed- that the combination of DIM and IDA significantly enhanced the mRNA and protein expression of caspase 9. Conclusion DIM enhances the growth inhibition effect of IDA on human prostate cancer cells by the mechanism of induction of apoptosis.

Objective To investigate biological function of nucleosomal binding protein 1(NSBP1)in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Methods Androgen-independent prostate cancer cells of the line PC-3 were cultured and transfected with recombinant inhibiting siRNA expression plasmid pSilencer 2.1-U6 neo.Before transfection and 12,36,60,84,108 and 132 h after transfection RT-PCR and Western blotting was used to detect the inhibition effect. CCK-8 was used to detect the viability of the cells.The cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. Results The cell viability was significantly reduced since 60-108 h after the transfection(all P＜0.05),the inhibition ratio reaching climax 108 hours after the transfection(P=0.028).However,the inhibition ratio began to increase.FC showed that since 60 h after the transfection the proportion of PC-3 cells at the G2M+S phase began to increased compared to that of the control group ( all P＜0.05).Conclusion NSBP1 has important effect on maintaining cell viability and enhancing growth and proliferation of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.

Objective To explore the pathophysiological significance of spina bifida occulta(SBO)in non-retentive fecal incontinence(NRFI)in children. Methods Twenty-seven children with NRFI diagnosed according to the Rome Ⅲ criteria,21 with SBO,aged(7.9±2.4)years.and 6 without SBO,aged(7.5±1.9)years,and 226 normal controls,aged(8.4±2.7)years,underwent plain X-ray photography,neurophysiological study,colonic transit test,electromyography(EMG),and anorectal manometry.The resting vector volume,squeezing vector volume,resting EMG amplitude.and squeezing EMG amplitude,which predominantly reflect internal and external anal sphincter function.were recorded. Results The prevalence rate of SBO in the children with NRFI was 78%,significantly higher than that of the normal controls(24%).The resting vector volume,squeezing vector volume,resting EMG amplitude,and squeezing EMG amplitude,of the children with NRFI were all significantly lower than those of the normal controls;however,there were no significant differences in these indexes between the NRFI children with and without SBO.The total colonic transit time of the NRFI children with SBO was(41 ± 17)h,significantly longer than those of the children without SBO and normal controls(24±5)h and(29±8)h.both P＜0.05].Neurophysiologic test showed that the latency of pudendo-anal reflex of the NRFI children with SBO was(52±20)ms,significant longer than those of the NRFI children without SBO and normal controls[(29±9)ms and(23±7)ms respectively,both P＜0.05].Conclusion SBO is a maior cause of NRFI.Treatment should be focused on recovery of the functions of nervous svstem.

Objective To detect the risk factors of quality of life(QOL)in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS),so as to help doctors to recognize the risk population with impaired QOL.Methods 403 hospitalized ACS patients,252 males and 151 females,aged 67±12,168 with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI),4 with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI),and 74 with unstable angina pectoris(UAP),were surveyed with short-form-36(SF-36)scale(Chinese version),including physical component summary(PCS)and mental component summary(MCS)so as to analyze the QOL,hospital anxiety depression scales(HADS)so as to detect the anxiety status. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the variables associated with QOL. Results Of the 403 patients 84(20.8%)suffered from anxiety,43(10.7%)suffered from depression,and 144(35.7%)suffered from depression combined with anxiety symptoms.Age(r=-0.237,P＜0.001),being female(r=-0.183,P＜0.001),depression(r=-0.180;P＜0.001),and anxiety(r=-0.211,P＜0.001)were independent risk factors of physical QOL.Age(r=-0.117,P=0.01),depression(r=-0.169,P=0.004),and anxiety(r=-0.215,P＜0.001)were independently negatively correlated with mental QOL.Smoking was unexpectedly a protective factor for MCS(r=0.157,P=0.001).Conclusion Depression and anxiety are common in patients diagnosed as with ACS,and appear to be related to significant worsening of QOL.The patients being female,with elder age,and suffering from depression and/or anxiety may be with impaired QOL,and need more care and effective intervention.

Objective To improve the understanding of chest pain and angina pectoris in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM).Methods The clinical features and angina characteristics of 4873 patients undergoing coronary angiography(CAG)were recorded.The characteristics of angina pectoris of 1431 patients with coronary artery diseases(CAD)complicated by DM were analyzed.For detecting coronary artery disease,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value were analyzed according to chest pain and coronary angiography. Results Of the 1431 CAD patients with DM 187 only presented non-cardiac chest pain,492 presented atypical angina,and 752 presented typical angina.Of the CAD 2056 patients without DM 297 only presented non-cardiac chest pain,735 presented atypical angina,and 1024 presented typical angina.In detecting coronary artery disease,no matter with what type of chest pain,the positive predictive values of the DM group were all remarkably higher than those of the non-DM group,and the negative predictive values of the DM group were all remarkably lower than those of the non-DM group, however, there were not significant differences in the sensitivity and specificity between the DM group and non-DM group.In the non-DM group the number of stenotic branches of coronary artery was closely associated with the angina characteristics(P＜0.01),however,in the DM group the number of stenotic branches of coronary artery was not associated with the angina characteristics(P=0.333).Conclusion Typical angina pectoris is a clinical manifestation with high accuracy in diagnosis of CAD.In the non-DM patients, the characteristics of chest pain reflect the severity of coronary artery stenosis.

Objective To explore the characteristics of visual search attention in children with Williams syndrome(WS).Methods Twenty-two children with WS,13 male and 9 female,aged 12(6-16),25 chronological age(CA)and mental age(MA)-matched children with Down's syndrome(DS),45biological age-matched children,and 43 mental age-matched children,aged 4±2(2-8)underwent Peabody picture vocabulary test(PPVT).Visual search attention including selective,switch,and sustained attention,was tested using a set of computerized visual search tasks via a touch-screen.In the dual target tasks,participants were required to alternate between two different targets.Sustained attention was investigated with vigilance task test. Results (1)In the single-target searching task with no target similar distracter,the accurate response rate of the WS patients was 71%±25%,significantly lower than that of the CA-matched children(87%±14%.P=0.001).The searching time of the WS children was 5 s,significantly longer than that of the CA-matched children(3 s,P=0.000).The distance for touch of the WS children was 25 relative units,significantly longer than that of the CA-matched children(18 relative units,P=0.000).The mean reaction time of the WS children was 5 s,significantlv longer than that of the children with Down's syndrome(3 s,P=0.022).The shape error rate of the WS children was 15%,significantly higher than that of the CA-matched children(0,P=0.000).When non-targets similar to the targets were added,the accurate response rate of the WS group was 39%±20%.significantly lower than those of the CA-matched and MA-matched children(77%±23%and 66%±23%respectively,both P=0.000);the mean searching time of the WS children was 13 s,significantlv longer than those of the CA-matched and MA-matched children(3 s and 5 s respectively,both P=0.000):and the distance per touch of the WS children was 41 relative units,significantly longer than those of the CA-matched and Mamatched children(20 and 27 relative units,P=0.000 and P=0.004).(2)The results of the dual target tasks showed that the accurate response rate of the WS children was 52%±28%,significantly lower than that of the CA-matched children(78%±22%,P=0.000),the mean searching time of the WS children was 11 s,significantly longer than that of the CA-matched children(4 s,P=0.000):and the distance per touch of the WS children was 54±27 relative units,significantly longer than that of the CA-matched children (31±13 relative units,P=0.000).However,there were not significant differences in the accurate response rate,mean searching time,and distance per touch between the WS and DS children.The switching error rate of the WS children was 13%,significantly higher than those of the CA and MA-matched children(0 and 4%respectively,P=0.000 and P=0.004).(3)The vigilance task test showed that the accurate response rate of the WS children was 52%±25%,significantly lower than that of the CA-matched children(80%±21%,P=0.000);the mean searching time of the WS children was 4 s±1 s,significantly longer than that of the CA-matched children(3 s±1 s,P=0.000);and the error hit number of the WS children was 8,significantly more than that of the CA-matched children(3,P=0.000).However,there were not significant differences in the accurate response rate,mean searching time,and error hit number between the WS and DS children.Conclusion Distinct visual search deficits exist in WS children.

Objective To explore the relationship between metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO)and the formation of advanced oxidation protein products(AOPPs).Methods Specimens of human serum albumin(HAS)and pooled plasma were collected from 3 healthy volunteers and 4 uremia patients were divided into 3 groups:Group A incubated with copper sulfate solution of the concentrations of 0,0.2,or 0.5 mmol/L,Group B,incubated with hydrogen peroxide 2 mmol/L,and Group C,incubated with copper sulfate 0.2 or 0.5 mmol/L plus hydrogen peroxide 2 mmol/L.30 min and 24 h later the AOPP level was determined by ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry.High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used to observe the fragmentation effect on plasma proteins.Ninhydrin method was used to examine the protein fragments.The scavenging capacity of hydroxyl radical by macromolecules was measured so as to estimate the extent of damage for proteins induced by MCO.Results (1)The AOPP level of the HAS and plasma specimens of the uremia patients increased along with the increase of cupric ion concentration in a dose-dependent manner,especially in the presence of hydrogen peroxide(P＜0.05).(2)Aggregation of proteins was almost negligible in all groups,however,HPLC showed that cupric ion with or without hydrogen peroxide increased the fragments in the HAS specimens(with a relative molecular mass of 5000)and uremia patients' plasma proteins(with the molecular mass 7000).(3)The plasma AOPP level of the healthy volunteers was 68.2 μmol/L±2.4 μmol/L,significantly lower than that of the uremia patients (158.5 μmol/L±8.2 μmol/L). 4)The scavenging ability to clear hydroxyl radical by plasma proteins of the healthy volunteers was 1.38-9.03 times as higher than that of the uremia patients.Conclusion MCO contributes to the formation of AOPPs mainly through its fragmentation effect to proteins.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of transesophageal echocardiography(TEE)in guiding intraoperative device closure of secundum atrial septal defect(ASD).Methods Fifty ASD patients,aged 40±18(15-72),34 with an ASD ranging from 30 to 40 mm and 16 with atrial septal aneurysm accompanied by double or more ASDs,underwent intraoperative device closure through a right minithoracotomy without cardiopulmonary bypass and fluoroscopy.Under general anesthesia,a probe was inserted into the esophagus,and TEE was conducted at different planes to observe the characteristics of the ASD.The size of implanted device was determined by TEE.Small parasternal incision was made in the right third or fourth intercostal space.A specially designed plastic sheath loaded with Amplatzer occlusion device was inserted through the purse-string sutures placed on the right atrium.Guided by transesophageal echocardiography,the Amplatzer occlusion device was advanced through the ASD into the left atrium and was deployed in place.The right ventricular end diastolic volume(RVEDV),right ventricular end systolic volume(RVESV),fight ventricular stroke volume(RVSV),right ventricular ejection fraction(RVSV),left ventricalar end diastolic volume(LVEDV),left ventricular end systolic volume(LVESV),left ventricular stroke volume(LVSV),and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)before and after the operation were calculated. Results The procedure was successful conducted in 48 patients.And the other two patients failing to receive this procedure,one having a large ASD that could not be occluded and the other with ASD accompanied by partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection.were shifted to operation with cardiopulmonary bypass.After the operation,the RVEDV was(94±32)ml,and the RVSV was(52±20)ml respectively,both significantly lower than those before the operation[(78 ± 23)ml and (41±13)ml respectively,both P＜0.05 ].The LVEDV and LVSV after operation were(73±19)ml and (50±11)ml respectively,both significantly higher than those before operation[(56±14)ml and(34±12)ml respectively,both P＜0.05 ].Conclusion TEE provides valuable information in further confirmation of diagnosis of ASD,selection of appropriate size of Amplatzer occluder,guidance of the deployment of occluder,observation of the effects of operation,and prompt detection of complication.

Objective To investigate the effects of octreotide on apoptosis of and Fas/FasL gene expression in human hepatoma cell mechanism of the suppression effect of liver cancer with e in order to offer the experimental foundation for clinic treatment. Methods Hyman hematoma cells of the line SMMC-7721 were cultured and divided into two groups:octreotide group,co-cultured with octreotide 4,7,and 10 μg/ml respectively for 24 h,48 h,or 72 h,and control group.TUNEL was used to detect the apoptosis of the cells. Flow cytometry was used with terminal deoxynucleatidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)technique to detect the apoptosis of the cells. FC was used with direct labeling of monoclonal antibody(CD95/CD178)to detect the expression of Fas and FasL,and the Fas/FasL ratio. Results Octreotide increased the apoptotic rate of the cells dose-and time-dependently(all P＜0.05).Octreotide increased the Fas expression rate,FasL expression rate,and Fas/FasL ratio dose- and time-dependently(all P＜0.05). Conclusion Octreotide induces the apoptosis of human hepatoma cells,possibly by the mechanism of facilitating the Fas/FasL gene expression.

Objective To explore the potential role of monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1)and macrophage inflammatory protein 2(MIP-2)in the pathogenesis of acute necrotizing pancreatitis(ANP),and to study the effect of N-acetylcysteine(NAC)on the mRNA expression of MCP-1 and MIP-2.Methods Thirty-five SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:sham-operation(SO)group(n=5),acute necrotizing pancreatits(ANP)group(n=15),and NAC-pretreated group(n=15),ANP were induced by retrograde injection of 4%sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct.The NAC- groups underwent intraperitoneal injection of NAC 500 mg/kg 30 minutes before the induction of sodium taurocholate.The ANP and NAC groups were re-divided into 3 equal subgroups respectively:3 h,6 h,and 12 h subgroups.3,6,and 12 hours after the establishment of models heart blood samples were collected from 5 rats from each model group to detect the serum amylase.Then the rats were killed by blood letting with their pancreases taken out. HE staining and microscopy were used to observe the pathological changes of the pancreas.The wet/dry ratio of pancreas was determined. Enzyme histochemical method was used to detect the activity of myeloperoxidase(MPO)in the pancreas.RT-PCR was used to examine the mRNA expression of MCP-1 and MIP-2.Results The levels of serum amylase,wet/dry ratio of pancreas,pancreatic MPO activity,and histological score of pancreas of the ANP group increased time-dependently,all the levels at different time-points were significantly higher than those of the SO group(all P＜0.01).The expression levels of MCP-1 mRNA at the time points 3,6,and 12 h of the ANP group were 0.3653±0.0213,0.5890±0.0225,and 0.7164±0.0275 respectively,all significantly higher than that of the SO group(0.1492±0.0036.all P＜0.01).The expression levels of MIP-2 mRNA at different time points of the ANP group were 0.3871±0.0286,0.6040±0.0448,and 0.7692±0.0620 respectively,all significantly higher than that of the SO group(0.1593 ± 0.0117,all P＜0.01). The intrapancreatic MPO levels at the time points 3 h,6 h,and 12 h of the NAC group were 0.63 ± 0.03,0.88±0.05,and 1.31 ±0.09 respectively,all significantly lower than those of the ANP groups(0.89 ±0.03,1.42±0.14,and 1.94±0.07,all P＜0.05). The MCP-1 mRNA expression levels at different time points the NAC group were 0.2497±0.0168,0.4457±0.0097,and 0.6306±0.0423 respectively,and the MIP-2 mRNA expression levels at the time points 3 h,6 h,and 12 h of the NAC group were 0.2436±0.0099,0.4312 ±0.0221,and 0.6302 ±0.0288 respectively,all significantly lower than those of the ANP group(all P＜0.05). The pancreatic histological scores at different time points of the NAC group were 3.50 ± 0.61,5.60 ±0.65,and 7±50 ±079,all significantly lower than those of the ANP group(5.10 ±0.42,7.50 ±0.50,and 9±90±0.96,all P＜0.05). The MCP-1 mRNA expression and MIP-2 mRNA expression were both correlated with the severity of pancreatic injury(r=0.76 and 0.82,both P＜0.05).Conclusion The chemokines of MCP-1 and MIP-2 are overexpressed at the early stage of acute pancreatitis.Both of them may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AP.NAC may have beneficial effects on AP through downregulation of the expression of MCP-1 and MIP-2.

Objective To investigate the potentiality of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) to differentiate into vascular endothelia cells(Ecs)in peritubular capillary(PTC)in chronic aristolochic acid nephropathy(CAAN).Methods MSCs were isolated from a male Wistar rat.The surface markers were identified with flow cytometry. Thirty female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 equal groups:Group A,perfused intragastrically with decoction of Caulis Aristolochiae manchuriensis for 12 weeks to establish CAAN models,Group B,perfused intragastrically with decoction of Canlis Aristolochiae manchuriensis for 12 weeks to establish CAAN models and injected with the MSCs by caudal vein in the 12th week,and Group C,perfused intragastrically with drinking water for 12 weeks and then injected with normal saline by caudal vein to be used as normal controls.At week 16,specimens of blood and urine were collected to detect the blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinie(Scr)and urine protein,and then the rats were killed with their kidneys taken out. Sex-determining region of the Y chromosome-fluorescence in situ hybridization(SRYFISH)test with carboxyfluorescine(FAM)-was used to detect the cells originated from the source of the male donors. Immunohistochemestry was used to detect CD34,marker antigen pf EC.HE and Masson staining and electron microscope were used to observe the pathology of the kidney. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).Correlation analysis was conducted to study the relationships among these indices.Results Y chromosome and CD34 double positive cells could be seen in the renal tissue of Group B.At week 16,the density of PTC and integrated optical density of VEGF of Group A were(5.3±0.8)/0.13 mm2 and(2.8 ±0.4)×103 respectively, both significantly lower than those of Group B[(26.5±1.6)/0.13 mm2 and(14.7±1.7)×103 respectively, both P＜0.011].The Scr and urine protein of Group A were significantly higher than those of Group B.The expression of VEGF mRNA of Group A was significantly lower than that of Group B. Conclusion MSCs can differentiate into Ecs. MSCs transplantation has beneficial effects on CAAN,which is possibly related with the reduction of PTC.

Objective To study the expression of hyaluronan(HA)and CD44,a transmembrane glucoprotein and cell surface receptor of HA,in impaired renal tubular epithelial cells and relation thereof with the retention of calcium oxalate(CaOx)crystals in the renal tubule. Methods Forty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into four equal groups,ethylene glycol(EG)1-day group,treated with drinking water containing 0.75% EG for 1 day,EG 5-day group,treated with drinking water containing 0.75% EG for 5 days,general drinking water 1-day group,treated with tap water for 1 day,and general water 5-day group,treated with tap water for 5 days.The rats were killed 1 day or 5 days later respectively with their kidneys taken out.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of HA and CD44 in the renal tissues.Polarized light microscopy was used to detect the CaOx crystals in the renal tubules.Results The expression rates of HA and CD44,and proportion of crystal retention of the tap water 1-day group were 25.0%,25.0%,and 16.7%respectively,all not significantly different from those of the EG 1-day group (8.3%,16.7%,and 25.0%respectively,all P＞0.05).The expression rates of HA and CD44,and proportion of crystal retention of the tap water 5-day group were 33.3%,25.0%,and 16.7%respectively,all significantly lower than those of the EG 5-day group(83.3%,75.0%,and 66.7%respectively,all P＜0.05).Microscopy showed that the CaOx crystals adhered only to the injured tubular epithelial cells expressing HA and CD44 at their luminal membrane.Conclusion The expression of HA and CD44 by injured tubular cells seems to play a role in the retention of CaOx crystals in the kidney.

Objective To investigate the relationship of transforming growth factor β1(TGFβ1)and basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)to detrusor underactivity following bladder outlet obstruction (BOO).Methods Female Wistar rats underwent ligation of the urethra to establish BOO models and were divided into BOO model 2-week group(11 rats)and BOO model 6-week group(10 rats).8 rats underwent sham operation as control group.The detrusor urinae was taken out and stimulated by carbachol to measure the detrusor contraction force(DCF).RT-PCR method was employed to measure the mRNA expression of TGF β1 and bFGF in the detrusor urinae.Urine TGFβ1 and bFGF were determined by ELISA.Results The maximum DCF levels of the BOO 2-week group under the 1×10-4 mmol/L and 1×10-3 mmol/L carbachol concentrations were 0.96 g ±0.11 g and 1.98 g ±0.21 g respectively, both significantly higher than those of the sham operation group(0.85 g±0.18 g and 1.82 g ±0.19 g respectively, both P＜0.05).The maximum DCF levels of the BOO 6-week group under the 1×10-3,1×10-4,1×10-3 and 1×10-2 mmol/L carbachol concentrations were 0.19 g ±0.02 g,0.65 g±0.06 g,1.12 g±0.08 g,and 1.40 g±0.19 g respectively,all significantly lower than those of the BOO 2-week group(0.24 g ±0.03 g,0.96 g±0.11 g,1.98 g±0.21 g,and 2.16 g±0.21 g respectively,all P ＜0.05)and those of the sham operation group(0.23 g±0.04 g,0.85 g±0.18 g,1.82 g±0.19 g,and 2.12 g±0.26 g respectively,all P＜0.05).The mRNA expression of TGFβ1 of the BOO 6-week group, BOO 2-week group,and sham operation group was 0.72±0.21,0.34±0.10,and 0.32±0.01 respectively, there was a significant difference between the BOO 6-week group and the BOO 2-week group(P＜0.01).The mRNA expression level of bFGF of the BOO 6-wwek group was 0.38±0.13,significanfly higher than tllose of the BOO 2-week group and sham operation group(0.21±0.07 and 0.10±0.05 respectively, both P＜0.05).DCF was negatively correlated with the mNRA expression of TGFβ1 and the mNRA expression bFGF in detrusor (both P＜0.05).The urine TGFβ1 of the BOO 6-week group was(606±216)μg/mol Cr,significantly higher than that of the BOO 2-week group[(131±49)μg/mol Cr]and that of the sham operation group[(107±22)μg/mol Cr,both P＜0.05].Conclusion With the progres8ion of BOO,there is a sustained rise of bFGF mRNA expression in detrusor;however,the TGFβ1 mRNA expression only increases during the decompensation stage.Urine TGFβ1 level is very high 6 weeks after BOO,which may help predict the contraction function of bladder after BOO.

Premature birth is the most important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Premature birth increases the risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have shown that the short-term and long-term morbidity and mortality rates of late premature infants (born at 34-36 weeks of gestation) are much lower than those of early premature infants (pregnant<34 weeks of birth), some late premature infants can even reach the standard of full-term newborns, and it is also an unwritten regulation to care for full-term infants after birth.

A 40-year-old male suffered from intermittent chest stiffness for more than 9 years. He was diagnosed as "valvular heart disease" and admitted to our hospital on June 21, 2005. The patient developed chest tightness and shortness of breath during heavy physical work 9 years ago, and the activity tolerance gradually decreased during 9 years.

The proband was a 32-year-old male with a height of 173 cm and a weight of 72 kg. His wife had three miscarriages in the first trimester of pregnancy 3 years after marriage. None of the three miscarriages had obvious inducement to spontaneous abortion more than 2 months of pregnancy.