Volume 87  ·   Issue 32  ·  2007

After half a century of unremitting efforts, kidney transplantation has become the most effective method to save patients with renal failure. Although the survival rate of kidney transplantation has reached more than 95%/90% at one year, according to large-scale clinical investigation in Europe and America, the improvement of long-term survival rate of kidney transplantation is not significant, and the reasons are immune and non-immune.

Objective to investigate the effect of ulinastatin (UTI) on the recovery of early renal transplantation, especially in promoting the recovery of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and its mechanism. Methods Thirty patients with ordinary cadaver kidney transplantation were randomly divided into group A (medication group, 15 cases) and group B (control group, 15 cases). A total of 40 patients with high risk factors of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) were selected and divided into group C (medication group, 20 cases) and group D (control group, 20 cases) according to the principle of random pairing. The medication group was treated with UTI during the perioperative period, and the early postoperative urine volume, serum creatinine (sCr), serum α 1-microglobulin (α 1-MG), urine α 1-MG, IL-8 and IL-10 were observed. Results Compared with group B, the postoperative urine volume of group A increased, and the differences were statistically significant on the 2nd, 6th, 7th, 9th and 10th days (all P<0.05); The blood IL-8 in group A was (93.8±31.5) ng/L and (42.0±24.0) ng/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in group B (135.0±31.2) ng/L and (178.3±76.4) ng/L, both P<0.05. The blood α 1-mg in group A was (69.9±32.6) mg/L and (35.3±34.5) mg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in group B (91.2±28.4) mg/L and (65.8±33.4) mg/L, both P<0.05. The blood α 1-mg in group C was significantly lower than that in group D (187.2±55.2) mg/L and (151.3±87.4) mg/L, both P<0.05. The blood α 1-mg in group C was significantly lower than that in group D (39.9±22.3) mg/L and 10 (38.2±20.4) mg/L, both P<0.05

Objective to investigate the dynamic changes of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in early postoperative renal transplantation and its role in renal transplantation immunization.Methods Eighteen cases of early postoperative renal transplantation were studied.The expression levels of TLR4 and CD80 in CD14-positive monocytes were detected by tricolor labeling flow cytometry on the 1st, 4th and 7th days after renal transplantation, and the postoperative recovery was observed. According to the presence or absence of rejection within 2 weeks after operation, 18 cases were divided into rejection group (3 cases) and non-rejection group (15 cases). The expression levels of TLR4 and CD80 in the rejection group and non-rejection group were analyzed. Results (1) The expression levels of TLR4 in the non-rejection group showed a downward trend on the 1st, 4th and 7th days after renal transplantation, respectively, (21.38±16.02) %, (13.38±7.90) % and (4.28±3.74) %, respectively. The expression on the 7th day after operation was lower than that on the 1st and 4th days after operation, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05); The expression levels of TLR4 in the rejection group were (3.59±1.18) %, (21.5±20.54) % and (17.05±12.92) %, respectively, and increased to varying degrees (P>0.05). (2) The TLR4 level in the rejection group (3 cases) was higher than that in the non-rejection group (15 cases) on the fourth day after operation (d4/d1), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); The level of TLR4 in the rejection group (2 cases) was higher than that in the non-rejection group (15 cases) on the 7th postoperative day (d7/d4), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In the rejection group, 1 case underwent nephrectomy due to acute renal rejection on the 5th postoperative day, and the expression level of TLR4 decreased on the 7th postoperative day and the 4th postoperative day. (3) The expression of CD80 in the non-rejection group showed a decreasing trend on the 1st, 4th and 7th postoperative day, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The expression of CD80 in the rejection group increased to varying degrees, but the difference was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Conclusion The changes of TLR4 expression in the early postoperative period are consistent with the immune response ability of patients; The expression level of TLR4 was significantly higher in the early rejection group than in the non-rejection group after renal transplantation.

Objective to investigate the toxicity of the first dose of tacrolimus (FK506) on the kidney of rats after renal transplantation and the preventive and therapeutic effect of diltiazem (Dil) on the nephrotoxicity of FK506 after renal transplantation. Methods The first dose of FK506, cyclosporine A (CsA) and Dil after renal transplantation was converted into the therapeutic dose of rats according to the formula. Twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into control group, CsA group (25mg·kg-1·d-1), FK506 group (0.8 mg·kg-1·d-1) and FK506+ Dil group (0.8 mg·kg-1·d-1 and 8 mg·kg-1·d-1). After 4 weeks of treatment, the nephrotoxicity model of rats in each group was established. The body weight, urine samples, renal function and pathological changes of renal tissues of rats in each group were measured. Results There were obvious increases in serum creatinine, decreases in creatinine clearance, turbidity of renal tubular cells and vacuolar degeneration in CsA group and FK506 group. The changes of the above indexes in FK506+ Dil group were significantly reduced or close to normal. Conclusion

Objective to analyze the relationship between the changes of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), angiotensin Ⅱ receptor 1, 2 (AT1, 2-R) and atrial structural remodeling in atrial muscle tissues during atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods 38 patients who needed surgery due to heart disease were divided into 3 groups according to their history of atrial fibrillation: sinus rhythm group (SR, 11 cases), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation group (pAF, 13 cases, duration of atrial fibrillation<6 months), and persistent atrial fibrillation group (cAF, 14 cases, duration of atrial fibrillation>6 months). About 500 mg of right atrial appendage tissue (500 mg of left atrial appendage tissue in 8 patients with persistent atrial fibrillation) were excised during off-pump surgery. The expressions of AT1-R, AT2-R and CYP11B2 in atrial muscle tissues were measured by polymerase chain reaction, and the distribution of AT1-R protein was observed by immunohistochemistry. Results the mean left atrial diameter of cAF group was significantly larger than that of SR and pAF group (5.8 cm ± 0.6 cm, 3.3 cm ± 0.4 cm; 4.2 cm ± 0.7 cm, P<0.01). The expression level of AT2-R mRNA was significantly lower than that of SR group (1.03±0.04 and 1.35±0.09, P<0.01). The expression level of AT2-R mRNA was significantly higher than that of SR group (1.16±0.16 and 0.90±0.10, P<0.05). The expression of CYP11B2 mRNA in cAF group and pAF group was significantly higher than that of SR group (P<0.05~0.01). Conclusion The down-regulation of AT1-R mRNA expression is an overresponse to tissue angiotensin Ⅱ, while the up-regulation of AT2-R mRNA expression is an adaptive and compensatory response to atrial structural remodeling. The increase of CYP11B2 mRNA expression in atrial muscle tissue suggests that aldosterone may be involved in atrial remodeling in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Objective to investigate the significance of D-dimer determination in the diagnosis of thrombotic diseases and the observation of the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. Methods the plasma D-dimer content of 170 healthy subjects, 156 patients with acute cerebral infarction, 38 patients with deep vein thrombosis and 148 patients with acute myocardial infarction before and after treatment was quantitatively detected by ELISA. Results the positive rates of plasma D-dimer content in patients with acute cerebral infarction, deep vein thrombosis and acute myocardial infarction before treatment were 59.3%, 100.0% and 61.7%, respectively, which were higher than those in healthy controls (4.3%), and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.01). The plasma D-dimer content of patients with effective treatment decreased in a short time after thrombolytic therapy, and the differences were statistically significant compared with those before treatment (all P<0.01). Conclusion Thrombotic diseases are often accompanied by increased plasma D-dimer content, and its determination is helpful for early diagnosis of thrombotic diseases. Plasma D-dimer detection has certain significance to reflect the thrombolytic efficacy of thrombotic diseases, and can be used as an index to observe the dosage of thrombolytic drugs

Objective to investigate the functional changes of peripheral blood dendritic cells (DC) in severe burn patients. Methods 12 cases of burn area of 60% ~99% were isolated and cultured from peripheral venous blood at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks after injury. After labeling with monoclonal antibody, the expression levels of DC phenotypic histocompatibility antigen (HLA) -DR, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD14 and CD11C were measured by flow cytometry. CD80 was 12.9%±3.7%, 14.7%±2.5%, 16.1%±4.2%, 16.2%±4.8%, and the control group was 24.3%±11.6% (all P<0.001); CD83 were 15.1%±4.2%, 15.1%±4.0%, 22.2%±7.7%, 21.3%±7.0%, and 28.1%±5.1% in the control group (all P<0.001); The positive expression rates of CD86 were 69.2%±7.1%, 70.5%±5.4%, 75.1%±6.1%, 79.6%±6.4%, and 84.3%±8.2% in the control group (P<0.001). The positive expression rates of CD14 were 12.7%±1.9%, 12.0%±1.5%, 11.3%±1.3%, 9.3%±1.7%, which were significantly higher than those in the control group (7.3%±1.5%) (P<0.001). The positive expression rate of CD11c was 86.8%±6.1%, 89.5%±5.1%, 91.3%±2.8% and 89.4%±4.0%, although it was lower than that in the control group (92.6%±3.8%), but the difference was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). The positive expression rate of HLA-DR increased from the 4th week after injury, but it was still significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The function of peripheral blood dendritic cells decreased after injury in patients with severe burn, which is an important part of the inhibition of immune system function and an important cause of systemic infection after burn.

Objective to investigate the significance of tissue velocity imaging in assessing left ventricular myocardial post-systolic contraction (PSS) in patients with primary dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods Tissue velocity curves of 18 segments of left ventricle were obtained in 14 patients with DCM and 22 normal subjects. The isovolumetric systolic peak velocity (VIC), ejection peak velocity (VS), PSS peak velocity (VPSS) and PSS wave duration (TPSS) were measured. The ratio of VPSS to VIC (VPSS/VIC) and VPSS to VS (VPSS/VS) was calculated. VPSS/VIC was used as the criterion to judge active and passive PSS and its parameters were compared. Results Physiological PSS was observed in only a few segments of normal subjects, while pathological PSS was observed in all segments of DCM. Compared with physiological PSS, pathological PSS, PSS, VPSS/VIC, VPSS/VS were increased and TPSS was prolonged. Compared with passive PSS, VPSS, VPSS/VS were increased and TPSS was prolonged in active PSS. Conclusion Pathological PSS was observed in left ventricular myocardium of DCM, which may be related to myocardial ischemia

Objective to investigate the effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of procollagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and collagenase mRNA in normal skin fibroblasts of patients with hypertrophic scar, and to investigate the biological role of LPS in the formation of hypertrophic scar. Methods Scar tissues and normal skin fibroblasts of patients with hypertrophic scar were cultured in vitro, and the normal skin fibroblasts were stimulated with E. coli LPS (E. coli055:B5) at different concentrations (0.005~1.0 μ g/ml), and the cells were passed to phenotypically stable (8th passage) after stimulation. The regulatory effects of LPS on the expression of procollagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and collagenase mRNA in normal skin fibroblasts were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the dose-response relationship was observed. Scar tissue fibroblasts of the same generation and normal skin fibroblasts without LPS stimulation were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results LPS stimulation concentration in the range of 0.005~0.5 μ g/ml promoted normal skin fibroblasts When the LPS stimulation concentration reached 1.0 μ g/ml, the expression of procollagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ mRNA and collagenase mRNA in normal skin fibroblasts were significantly lower than that in the negative control group (all P<0.01). When the LPS stimulation concentration was 0.1 μ g/ml, the expression of procollagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ mRNA and collagenase mRNA in normal skin fibroblasts was similar to that in the positive control group (all P>0.05). Conclusion LPS promoted the expression of procollagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ mRNA and inhibited the expression of collagenase mRNA in fibroblasts in a certain concentration range. LPS may be one of the original inducing factors of hypertrophic scar formation.

Objective to study T cell immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) by means of T cell receptor rearrangement deletion loop (TREC) and T cell receptor (TCRBV) clone profiles. Methods Real-time PCR was used to quantitatively detect the TREC levels in 43 patients with different types of allo-HSCT and 70 normal donors. The gene sequences of 24 TCRBV families were amplified by RT-PCR in peripheral blood of 24 patients after three groups of allo-HSCT and 5 normal donors. The clonal expression of TCRBV families, the clonal properties of complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) and the utilization rate of BV families were determined by gene scanning. Results the quantitative TREC results were (335.1±782.5) copies/105 cells in patients before transplantation, which was significantly lower than that in normal subjects. The TREC content in the three groups decreased significantly at 3 months after transplantation, and the TREC recovered faster in MSD-BMT group than the other two groups, and basically recovered to the level before transplantation at 24 months after transplantation. The TREC recovery in haplotype bone marrow transplantation (HID-BMT) group was delayed. The TCRBV CDR3 clonal profiles were still heterogeneous within 3~19 months after transplantation, and the expression rate of polyclonal was 33% ~48%, and the rest were monoclonal or oligoclonal hyperplasia, which were distributed in 24 different BV families The number of initial T cells exported from the thymus was low and the clonal utilization of TCRBV family was more serious after haplotype bone marrow transplantation, which was consistent with clinical experience.

Objective to investigate the possibility and clinical value of fecal lactoferrin detection as an activity marker of ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods 66 patients with UC and 20 controls were selected. The content of fecal lactoferrin was determined by ELISA, and the C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were also detected. The activity of UC was judged according to Mayo score criterion.Results The content of fecal lactoferrin in the active period of UC was significantly higher than that in the remission period [(7.9±1.1) μ g/g] and the control group [(3.0±0.5) μ g/g, both P<0.01], and the remission period was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences among mild, moderate and severe grades in the active group; The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of fecal lactoferrin, CRP and ESR were 0.982, 0.740 and 0.692, respectively. The content of fecal lactoferrin was significantly correlated with the endoscopic grading of UC (r =0.871, P<0.01). Conclusion Fecal lactoferrin can reflect the inflammatory activity of UC objectively, and can be used as an ideal marker of intestinal inflammation, accurate, simple and non-invasive, which is superior to the common objective indexes of CRP and ESR.

Objective to establish a suspension array method that can simultaneously detect the expression levels of multiple genes in circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients, and to explore the application value of multi-gene combined detection in early prediction of postoperative recurrence of breast cancer. Methods the suspension array technique was used to detect the oncogene of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of 73 breast cancer patients, and the independent prognostic factors affecting breast cancer recurrence and metastasis were found by COX proportional hazard model. Results A suspension array method that can simultaneously detect the expression levels of eight types of gene in circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients was successfully established. The gene positive rates ranged from large to small were mammoglobin (hMAM), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), mammary mucin (SBEM), tumor-associated calcium signal transduction protein 1 (EPG2), telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), human chorionic gonadotropin β subunit (β-HCG) and B305D genes, respectively, 57.5%, 57.5%, 53.4%, 52.1%, 31.5%, 27.5% hMAM, SBEM, HER2 and estrogen receptor (ER) are independent prognostic factors of breast cancer recurrence and metastasis (all P<0.05). Conclusion The established suspension array method has practical value in the prognosis of breast cancer. The expression of hMAM, SBEM and HER2 in peripheral blood circulating tumor cells can be used as molecular markers to predict the recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer.

Objective to investigate the value of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in the management of unknown primary tumors. Methods 34 patients with 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging were retrospectively analyzed. PET/CT images were analyzed by visual and semi-quantitative methods. The results of PET/CT were evaluated by histopathology, cytology and/or clinical follow-up. Results FDG PET/CT imaging found suspicious primary tumors in 20 cases, including 9 cases in lung, 3 cases in colon, 2 cases in rectum, 1 case in pancreas, right arytenoid epiglottis wall, esophagus and breast, and 2 cases in ovary. Of the 20 suspicious primary tumors, 17 cases were confirmed by histopathology, cytology and/or clinical follow-up results, including 8 cases in lung, 2 cases in colon, 1 case in rectum, 1 case in pancreas, right arytenoid epiglottis wall, esophagus and breast, and 2 cases in ovary. The false positive rate was 8.8% (3/34) and 50.0% (17/34) of patients with 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging changed the clinical treatment plan due to the discovery of primary tumor and/or new metastasis after 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging. Conclusion 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging has obvious influence on the management decision of unknown primary tumor cases, and 18F-FDG PET/CT whole body imaging is of great significance for the cases where the primary tumor cannot be determined by routine examination.

Objective to investigate the prevalence and main risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL) in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods 1335 hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients were divided into NAFL group and control group according to the B-ultrasound examination results, and the body fat parameters, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipid profile, C-peptide and C-reactive protein (CRP) were examined. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was diagnosed by the Diabetes Branch of Chinese Medical Association. Results (1) The prevalence of NAFL in hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients was 42.1%. The prevalence of NAFL in men before 50 years of age was higher than that in women, and after 50 years of age was lower than that in women (P<0.05~0.01). (2) The prevalence of overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and MS in NAFL group were 59.4%, 66.4%, 57.7% and 71.7%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01); At the same time, the risk of NAFL increased gradually with the increase of the number of metabolic abnormalities (trend P<0.01). The increase of the risk of NAFL was 11.1 times in males and 10.6 times in females. (3) The levels of body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase, blood uric acid and C-peptide in NAFL group were higher than those in the control group, while the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and AST/ALT were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05~0.01); Multiple regression analysis showed that triglyceride, body mass index, CRP, 30 min postprandial C-peptide level and fasting blood glucose were independently and positively correlated with NAFL. (4) The proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with elevated CRP level (CRP ≥2.11 mg/L in males and CRP ≥2.22 mg/L in females) was 29.1% in males and 33.8% in females; Compared with those without CRP, the prevalence of NAFL was significantly higher (54.4% vs. 35.3%, 62.0% vs. 38.4%, all P<0.01). Conclusion (1) About 2/5 of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were complicated with NAFL, and the latter was closely related to MS. (2) Besides obesity, disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism and increased postprandial C-peptide level, the increased CRP level was also closely related to the onset of NAFL.

Objective to investigate the effect of prenatal tetrandrine (TET) on pulmonary dysplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) rats. Methods Six female SD rats were randomly divided into control group, diaphragmatic hernia group and treatment group 9.5 d after pregnancy, 2 rats in each group. The diaphragmatic hernia group and treatment group were given 125 mg/rat by gavage, the control group was given the same amount of peanut oil for 11.5 d, the treatment group was given 30 mg/kg TET by gavage (once/d for 3 days), and the diaphragmatic hernia group and control group were given the same amount of normal saline. On the 21st day, the lung tissues on both sides of the fetal rats were removed by cesarean section, and the formation of diaphragmatic hernia was recorded. The histological observation was performed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope, respectively, and the type Ⅱ lung epithelial cells were counted and compared. Results A total of 32 fetal rats in the diaphragmatic hernia group and the treatment group had diaphragmatic hernia formation, and the teratogenic rate was 78% (32/41). The difference of teratogenic rate between the two groups was not statistically significant (P =0.645). The lung development of the treated group was more mature than that of the diaphragmatic hernia group after TET treatment, and the morphology and structure of the treated group was closer to that of the normal control group.There was no significant difference in the number of type Ⅱ lung epithelial cells between the groups (P =0.779). Conclusion Prenatal TET intervention can significantly improve the lung dysplasia of CDH rats, and make the lung structure of CDH rats closer to the mature morphology in both tissue structure and cell structure.Therefore, prenatal TET application can promote the development of fetal lung in CDH rats, which provides a new idea for clinical treatment of CDH.

Objective to investigate the effects of insulin resistance on growth hormone (GH) resistance and its postreceptor signal transduction mechanism in low birth weight (NCU-SGA) rats without growth catch-up after birth. Methods Male NCU-SGA model was established by restricted diet during pregnancy. (1) The relationship between GH and insulin resistance: 24 h urine GH excretion rate (24 h U-GH), blood insulin-like growth factor (IGF) -1, fasting insulin (FINS), blood glucose and IGF-1 mRNA and STAT5 signal expression in liver tissue were measured at 4 weeks of age; (2) Effects of insulin resistance on growth axis: 1 week after injection of PI3K blocker at 3 weeks of age (solvent control group), the physical growth, blood IGF-1, FINS levels and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA and STAT5 signal expression of rats were measured. Results (1) The serum IGF-1 concentration, hepatic IGF-1 mRNA expression and the ratio of phosphorylation to total STAT protein expression in NCU-SGA rats were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (group C), which were (248±58) ng/ml, (6.1±0.3) copies and (61±22) %, respectively; In group C, (383±62) ng/ml, (6.6±0.4) copies and (91±29) % (all P<0.01); There was no statistically significant difference in 24 h U-GH between NCU-SGA group and C group (P>0.05); FINS and fasting plasma glucose in NCU-SGA group were (24.7±9.6) mU/ml and (5.4±0.3) mmol/L significantly higher than those in C group (9.8±2.8) mmol/L and (4.5±1.7) mmol/L (both P<0.05). 24-h U-GH and FINS were significantly positively correlated (r =0.680, P =0.000). (2) After PI3K blockade, insulin resistance and body weight of NCU-SGA mice were aggravated, and serum IGF-1 and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA were (218±60) ng/ml and (6.1±0.3) copies, which were significantly lower than those in solvent control group (286±45) ng/ml and (6.3±0.3) copies, both P<0.05. However, there was no significant difference in the expression levels of total and phosphorylated STAT5 signal in liver tissue between the two groups. Conclusion Insulin resistance and GH resistance in NCU-SGA mice were closely correlated. The absence of catch-up after birth was related to GH resistance caused by damage of JAK2-STAT5 pathway after GH receptor. Insulin resistance may aggravate GH resistance and

Objective to observe the effect of local perfusion of poloxamer 407 in round window on cochlear function and structure.Methods Sixteen healthy guinea pigs were treated with 100 μ L 20% poloxamer 407 solution in round window of right ear as the experimental group and normal saline as the control group.Four other animals were treated as the negative control group.Auditory brainstem evoked potential (ABR) was detected before, after perfusion and on the 7th, 14th, 28th and 49th day after perfusion, and 4 animals were sacrificed respectively after the detection, and cochlear basement membrane was spread and counted. Results ABR thresholds after perfusion of poloxamer 407 were increased compared with those before perfusion, but returned to the level before perfusion at 49th day; Cochlear hair cell count showed no significant hair cell loss after round window perfusion of poloxamer 407. Conclusion round window perfusion of poloxamer 407 has temporary effect on ABR threshold, but does not have permanent irreversible damage to cochlear function and structure, which is in line with the conditions of sustained-release drug administration for treatment of middle and inner ear diseases.

Objective to observe the role of calpain in atrial structural remodeling and systolic dysfunction in atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Five healthy mongrel dogs in sham operation group, control group and inhibitor group were paced with right atrial appendage 600 times/min for 3 weeks. Calpain inhibitor (ALLM) was given intravenously. The expression of calpain 1 protein was observed by immunohistochemistry, and the activity of calpain was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The degree of myolysis was observed by HE staining, and the contents of troponin Ⅰ (Tn Ⅰ) and myosin in atrial muscle were determined by Western blot technique. The changes of left atrial volume and function were determined by ultrasound. Results After 3 weeks, the ratio of left atrial myolysis was (72±10) % in the control group and (12±16) % in the inhibitor group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The activity of calpain 1 was highly positively correlated with the ratio of myolysis (rs =0.90 961, P<0.01). The expression of calpain protein in the inhibitor group was lower (62%±12%) than that in the control group (79%±18%, P<0.01). The contents of Tn Ⅰ and myosin in the calpain inhibitor group were higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). The changes of left atrial volume and function in the inhibitor group were significantly improved compared with that in the control group. Conclusion The activity and expression of calpain 1 were involved in the structural remodeling and systolic dysfunction of atrial muscle in dogs with atrial fibrillation, which provided a new experimental basis for the study of the mechanism of structural remodeling in atrial fibrillation.

myocardial infarction (MI) has become one of the most important causes of death in human beings. Studies have shown that there is a certain correlation between chromosome gene structural variation and MI. Identifying these potential gene variation can significantly improve the risk assessment of patients with coronary heart disease, and provide an important way for its prevention and treatment.

A 39-year-old male was admitted to the hospital on December 14, 2005 due to fatigue for 10 months, arthralgia for 6 months, palpitation and shortness of breath for 1 month, aggravated for 3 days. It was due to cold and fever 10 months ago, and the leukocytes were increased with anemia and thrombocytopenia (leukocytes 24.2×109/L, hemoglobin 100 g/L, platelets 50×109/L), bone marrow hyperplasia was extremely active, granulo:red =3.1:1, the proportion of middle and late granulocytes was high, and there were 18 megakaryocytes.

alcohol dependence (AD) is a psychological state of craving for alcohol caused by drinking alcohol. If drinking time and quantity reaches a certain extent, drinkers cannot control their drinking behavior and appear physical tolerance or withdrawal symptoms. alcohol dependence has family aggregation and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This paper introduces the recent progress in molecular genetics of alcohol dependence.